<html><head></head><body><div class="ydpe86c14c6yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family:courier new, courier, monaco, monospace, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><div></div>
<div><span><div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Thanks David and Randy,</span></div><div><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">It happens that I am reading <i>Animal Farm</i> by George Orwell, and just noticed the following passage:</span></div>
<p class="ydp2dc36b40MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">‘Now, comrades, what is the nature of this life of ours? Let us face it: our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">and </span><i style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><u>the very instant</u></i><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="ydp2dc36b40MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Here, ‘the very instant’ is an adverbial without any case-marking. Cases like this one are everywhere in English. Many expressions of definite time, including ‘<i>yesterday, today, this year, last year</i>’, can behave this way. In fact, ‘this way’ is also an instance of such a phenomenon. </span></p>
<p class="ydp2dc36b40MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Times New Roman,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt">Since the basic or default function of these expressions are adverbial, why not let them directly serve as adverbials without case-marking. This is an economic and natural way.</span></p></span>Bingfu Lu</div><div><br></div>
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<div>On Friday, January 11, 2019, 8:59:53 PM PST, Randy J. LaPolla <randy.lapolla@gmail.com> wrote:</div>
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<div><div id="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><div>Thanks, David, that is very much the case for Sinitic varieties generally (e.g. dào (< 'arrive’) in Mandarin and yú (< ‘go’) in Classical Chinese), aside from Cantonese, which you mentioned.<div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Randy<br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">
<div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="text-indent: 0px;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="text-indent: 0px;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="text-indent: 0px;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="text-indent: 0px;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="text-indent: 0px;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="text-indent: 0px;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="text-indent: 0px;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);background-color:white;">-----</span></span><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="orphans: 2; widows: 2;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate;"></span><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate;"></span></span><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);background-color:white;"><b class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Randy J. LaPolla, PhD FAHA</b> （羅</span><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color:rgb(34, 34, 34);background-color:white;font-size:13px;"><font class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" face="Song">仁地</font></span><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);background-color:white;">）</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;"><font class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2">Professor of Linguistics, with courtesy appointment in Chinese, School of Humanities </font></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color:rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13.333333015441895px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);">Nanyang Technological University</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;">HSS-03-45, 14 Nanyang Drive </span></span></span><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color:rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13.333333015441895px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);">| </span><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;">Singapore 637332</span></span></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:10pt;"><a shape="rect" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" href="http://randylapolla.net/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://randylapolla.net/</a></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;">Most recent books:</span></span></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-size:15px;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;color:rgb(34, 34, 34);"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;"><i class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd Edition (</i>2017)</span></span></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;"><font class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2"><a shape="rect" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/The-Sino-Tibetan-Languages-2nd-Edition/LaPolla-Thurgood/p/book/9781138783324</a></font></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;"><font class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2"><i class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Sino-Tibetan Linguistics </i>(2018)</font></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;"><font class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" color="#222222" face="Arial, sans-serif" size="2"><a shape="rect" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" href="https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397" style="color:rgb(149, 79, 114);" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://www.routledge.com/Sino-Tibetan-Linguistics/LaPolla/p/book/9780415577397</a></font></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="background-color:white;"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-interchange-newline">
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<div><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><blockquote class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" type="cite"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203yqt8229331423" id="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203yqtfd81258"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">On 12 Jan 2019, at 11:49 AM, David Gil <<a shape="rect" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Dear Ponrawee,</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">I have been conducting, for the last several years, an experimental cross-linguistic study of zero-marking options for various thematic roles, of which goal, referred to in this query, is just one — see references below for some preliminary results.<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>The findings so far suggest that the zero-marking option is much more widespread cross-linguistically than is commonly acknowledged.</span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">I would, however, question the use of the term "loss" to describe the phenomenon of zero marking.<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>While this may indeed be appropriate in some cases, in most cases, zero-marking represents a default option, to which additional flagging elements may be added if and where deemed necessary.<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Viewing this in terms of "loss" is Eurocentric.<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Supporting this, in many cases, one finds a path of grammaticalization leading from a zero-marked goal construction to one in which the verb "go" becomes reanalized as an allative marker.<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>For example, in most varieties of Malay/Indonesian, "pergi" ('go') usually takes a zero-marked goal, as in (1); however, in some varieties, its cognate form is reanalized as an allative marker, as in (2) — its allative function being evidenced by its occurrence in constructions such as (3):</span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">(1) Riau Indonesian</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Ali pergi pasar<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Ali go market</span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">(2) Sabah Malay</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Ali pi pasar</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Ali go/to market</span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">(3) Sabah Malay</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Ali bawa durian pi pasar</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>Ali bring durian to market</span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">So in Malay/Indonesian, then, it is an allative marker that develops out of a prior zero-marked goal. (I suspect you might find a similar path of grammaticalization also in Mainland Southeast Asian languages.)<br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;">Gil, David (2008) "How Complex Are Isolating Languages?" in M. Miestamo, K. Sinnemäki and F. Karlsson, eds.,<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change,</i><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span>John Benjamins, Amsterdam, 109-131.</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 27.35pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;">Gil, David (2015) "The Mekong-Mamberamo Linguistic Area", in N.J. Enfield and B. Comrie eds.,<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, The State of the Art</i>, Pacific Linguistics, DeGruyter Mouton, Berlin, 266-355.<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"> <span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203ReferencesT" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 27.35pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;">For Gil (2015) see section 2.16 on Optional Thematic-Role Flagging, where the following table is provided showing the availability of "bare oblique" constructions (including but not limited to zero-marked goals) in some languages of the Mekong-Mamberamo area:</span></div><p class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203ReferencesT" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 27.35pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;"> </span></p><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Language Availability of Bare Oblique Constructions:</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Cantonese 42%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Vietnamese 67%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Lao 54%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Muarasiberut Mentawai 75%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Sundanese 76%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Jakarta Indonesian 68%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Nage 79%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US">Roon 59%</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 27.35pt;text-align:justify;font-size:12pt;font-family:Times;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Calibri, sans-serif;">Meyah 66%</span></div><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203moz-cite-prefix" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;">On 12/01/2019 03:52, Ponrawee Prasertsom wrote:<br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><blockquote class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" type="cite" style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);text-decoration:none;"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" dir="ltr"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" dir="ltr"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" dir="ltr"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" dir="ltr">Dear all,<div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">I am looking for languages where goal markers (case affixes, prepositions, etc. corresponding to English<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">to</i>) developed into zero, i.e. are lost. That is, from something like<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">I go to school<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>to<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">I go school.<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span></i>Does anyone know of such cases?</div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Currently, I am aware of only one such case: goal preposition loss on Asia Minor Greek (Karatsareas and Georgakopoulos 2016), which reconstructs history from variation among dialects (se > se/<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color:rgb(84, 84, 84);font-family:arial, sans-serif;">∅ > </span><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="color:rgb(84, 84, 84);font-family:arial, sans-serif;">∅).</span></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Ideally, I would like cases with attested historical data, but reconstruction or any other relevant data such as ongoing change etc. is also welcome. </div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Reference:</div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Karatsareas, Petros and Thanasis Georgakopoulos. 2016. From syntagmatic to paradigmatic spatial zeroes: The loss of the preposition se in inner Asia Minor Greek. STUF - Language Typology and Universals, 69(2), 309-340.<br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Yours sincerely,</div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div>--<span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203Apple-converted-space"> </span><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203gmail_signature" dir="ltr"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" dir="ltr"><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Ponrawee Prasertsom</span><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"></div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Graduate Student</div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Department of Linguistics</div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><span class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203" style="letter-spacing:0.2px;">Faculty of Arts, </span>Chulalongkorn University</div><div class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">Bangkok, Thailand</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><fieldset class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset><br clear="none" class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203"><pre class="ydp837820e6yiv9519978203">_______________________________________________
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