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--></style></head><body bgcolor=white lang=JA link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>Dear Nigel,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'> The complex adposition <i>in front of </i>contains a noun (<i>front</i>). It is interesting to note that Japanese has a large number of complex postpositions that contain a verb. I suppose there are works written in English that describe such complex postpositions of Japanese.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'> Your posting concerns complex adpositions, but I wish to provide some information on complex conjunctions or complex clause-linkage markers (“CLMS”). Japanese has a large number of complex CLMs that contain a verb. Mie Tsunoda (2018) lists about 50 such complex CLMs and gives examples of a couple of them. Mie Tsunoda (2016) provides a detailed analysis of the semantic, pragmatic and morphological aspects of eleven complex CLMs. These works show that these complex CLMs (involving a verb) express various modal meanings.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>Tsunoda, Mie. 2016. Verbal inflectional morphology and modality in compound clause-linkage markers in Japanese. <i>Studies in Language</i> 40(4). 815-871.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>Tsunoda, Mie. 2018. Japanese. In Tasaku Tsunoda (ed.), <i>Levels in clause linkage[:] A crosslinguistic survey</i> (Comparative Handbooks of Linguistics Volume 2), 47-75. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>Tasaku Tsunoda<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"lr oSVbN","serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0mm 0mm 0mm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>送信元</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> (Nigel Vincent <nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk> </span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>の代理</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>)<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日付</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>2019</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>年</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>2</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>月</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>3</span><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>日日曜日</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'> 5:57<br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>宛先</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>"LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br></span><b><span style='font-family:"MS Mincho";color:black'>件名</span></b><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>: </span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:Calibri;color:black'>[Lingtyp] complex postpositions<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>There is a substantial literature on prepositions and postpositions. There is also a growing body of work on complex prepositions, i.e. things like English 'in front of', French 'au dessous de'. To complete the picture I'd be grateful for pointers to studies and/or examples of complex postpositions. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Thanks in advance<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Nigel<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>The University of Manchester<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>Linguistics & English Language<br>School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>The University of Manchester<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US>_______________________________________________ Lingtyp mailing list Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></body></html>