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<div>Dear Colleagues:</div><div><br></div><div> The complex adpositions in Chinese basically exist in the form of circumpositions, with a preposition denoting thematic roles and a postposition conveying locative information. For instance:</div><div><br></div><div>Mandarin: wo zai shu-shang xie-zi</div><div> I at book-on write-characters</div><div><br></div><div>In some cases, the preposition is optional while the postposition is obligatory. So the circumposition is a temporary combination instead of a lexical item. Most postpositions came from locative relational nouns. </div><div><br></div><div>There are several circumpositions which denote relations other than spatial ones. For example:</div><div><br></div><div> Ta gen huli shide jiaohua.</div><div> He with fox-like sly</div><div><br></div><div>In my book published in Chinese, <i>Word Order Typology and Adposition Theories</i> (2003), I offered a detailed description regarding adpositions in Mandarin and a number of Wu dialects including Shanghainese. There are a Japanese edition published in Japan and a Korean edition published in Korea, but no English edition, yet. I'm sorry for that.</div><div><br></div><div>Danny Liu</div><div> </div><div><br></div>
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On Sunday, February 3, 2019, 9:51:55 PM GMT+8, Martin Haspelmath <haspelmath@shh.mpg.de> wrote:
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<div><div id="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><div>It seems to me that the great majority of languages have „complex adpositions“ of the Japanese type, i.e. noun-like forms which combine with their complements in an adpossessive-like way (either genitive flagging on the complement, or indexing on the „adposition“, or both).<div><br clear="none"></div><div>Peter Svenonius has coined the term „axial“ for such forms (as mentioned by Anders Holmberg), which seems a nice addition to our terminology - these axial nouns typically mean ‚in front/in back‘, ‚above/below‘, and ‚inside/outside‘ (true, only the first two are axes in the strict sense).</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>In European languages, one usually finds non-axials (i.e. non-noun-like prepositions) for such notions - including some „complex adverbial prepositions“ (e.g. French au dessus de ‚above‘), but I would venture the following claim:</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Outside of Europe, spatial relations of the type ‚front/above/inside’ are almost always expressed by axial nouns. </div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>There is surprisingly little systematic cross-linguistic research on axials, so this is just my impression (there was a 1993 book by Soteria Svorou, but it focused on semantic developments, not on morphosyntax).</div><div><br clear="none"></div><div>Best,</div><div>Martin<br clear="none"><div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073yqt3590230865" id="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073yqtfd92936"><br clear="none">Am 03.02.2019 um 14:20 schrieb Alice Vittrant- Villejuif <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:vittrant@vjf.cnrs.fr" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">vittrant@vjf.cnrs.fr</a>>:<br clear="none"><br clear="none"></div></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073yqt3590230865" id="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073yqtfd94988"><blockquote type="cite"><div>
</div></blockquote></div></div></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073yqt3590230865" id="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073yqtfd90254"><div>Dear Nigel, <div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">This kind of complex appositions is related to the Relator Nouns issue (or 'Noms de Localisation Interne’ issue). See for instance Delancey 1997, Aurnague 1989, 1996, Aurnague & al 2000 and Borillo 1988 (in french).</div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">They are quite frequent in Southeast Asian languages. See for instance Burmese and Thaï chapters in Vittrant & Watkins (eds)(2019).</div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Best, </div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Alice</div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">-----</div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-bib-body" style="line-height:1.35;margin-left:2em;">
<div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry">DeLancey, Scott. « Grammaticalization and the Gradience of Categories : Relator Nouns and Postpositions in Tibetan and Burmese ». In <i class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Essays on language function and language type: dedicated to T. Givón</i>, édité par Joan L. Bybee, John Haiman, et Sandra A. Thompson, Johns Benjamins., 51‑69. Amsterdam, 1997.</div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Borillo, Andrée. « Le lexique de l’espace : les noms et les adjectifs de localisation interne ». </span><i class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Cahiers de Grammaire</i><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"> 13 (1988): 1‑22.</span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Aurnague, Michel. 1989. Catégorisation des objets dans le langage: Les noms et les adjectifs </span><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">de localisation interne. Cahiers de Grammaire 14. 1–21. Toulouse: UTM.</span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Aurnague, Michel. « Les Noms de Localisation Interne: tentative de caractérisation sémantique à partir de données du basque et du français ». </span><i class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Cahiers de Lexicologie</i><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"> 69 (1996): 159‑92.</span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Aurnague, M., K. Boulanouar, J.-L. Nespoulous, A. Borillo & M. Borillo. 2000. Spatial semantics:</span><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">the processing of Internal Localization Nouns. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/ </span><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Current Psychology of Cognition 19 (1). 69–110.</span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Vittrant, Alice, et Justin Watkins, eds. </span><i class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">The Mainland Southeast Asia Linguistic Area</i><span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM] 314. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2019. </span></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-bib-body" style="line-height:1.35;margin-left:2em;"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073csl-entry"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div>
<span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=urn%3Aisbn%3A978-3-11-040213-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The%20Mainland%20Southeast%20Asia%20Linguistic%20Area&rft.place=Berlin%2C%20Boston&rft.publisher=De%20Gruyter%20Mouton&rft.series=Trends%20in%20Linguistics.%20Studies%20and%20Monographs%20%5BTiLSM%5D&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.aulast=Vittrant&rft.au=Alice%20Vittrant&rft.au=Justin%20Watkins&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-11-040213-1&rft.language=ENGL"></span></div></div>
<span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_id=urn%3Aisbn%3A978-1-55619-522-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grammaticalization%20and%20the%20Gradience%20of%20Categories%20%3A%20Relator%20Nouns%20and%20Postpositions%20in%20Tibetan%20and%20Burmese&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=Johns%20Benjamins&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.au=Joan%20L.%20Bybee&rft.au=John%20Haiman&rft.au=Sandra%20A.%20Thompson&rft.au=Scott%20DeLancey&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=51-69&rft.spage=51&rft.epage=69&rft.isbn=978-1-55619-522-8&rft.language=anglais"></span></div></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><div><blockquote class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" type="cite"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Le 2 févr. 2019 à 21:57, Nigel Vincent <<a shape="rect" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">nigel.vincent@MANCHESTER.AC.UK</a>> a écrit :</div><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;direction:ltr;font-family:Tahoma;font-size:10pt;"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">There is a substantial literature on prepositions and postpositions. There is also a growing body of work on complex prepositions, i.e. things like English 'in front of', French 'au dessous de'. To complete the picture I'd be grateful for pointers to studies and/or examples of complex postpositions.<span class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073Apple-converted-space"> </span><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Thanks in advance</div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073">Nigel</div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"></div><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><br clear="none" class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px;"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px;"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px;"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px;"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" style="font-family:Tahoma;font-size:13px;"><div class="ydpb9081734yiv8680994073" 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