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</div><div id="ydp2ce86e45yahoo_quoted_0092473242" class="ydp2ce86e45yahoo_quoted"><div style="font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:13px;color:#26282a;"><div><div id="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910"><div><blockquote type="cite"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 16px;">Dear Martin,</span></blockquote><blockquote type="cite"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 16px;">Thanks for </span>you<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 16px;"> reply and very helpful web dlc.hypotheses.org.</span></blockquote></div><div><div class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydp9fa21606yahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family:courier new, courier, monaco, monospace, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><div>
<p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydp97086edeMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">Why not just treat possessive –<i>’s</i> as a welded postposition? </span></p>
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<br clear="none">Yes, this is possible – I don't know any serious arguments against it.<br clear="none">【the problem is many adpositions can attach to constructions of different levels. Chinese 'de' can attach both NP, VP and clause. It is not a big problem since clauses are also kind of phrase. More problematic is Japanese 'no', it can attach to a determiner, a numeral (both normally treated as words), and an NP, but not a VP/clause. In the literature, Japanese 'no' is conventionally taken as a postposition. Any suggestion? I would like to give 'de' and 'no' a functional term 'modification marker'. Such kind markers are widespread in Asian languages.】</div><div><br></div><div>Best</div><div>Bingfu</div><div>
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</span><p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydp97086edeMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">My proposal is to distinguish word-attached
affixes, phrase-attached adpositions and
clause/sentence-attached particles. </span></p>
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</blockquote> <br clear="none">Yes, this is what people often do, but it's usually very difficult to say whether something attaches to a word or to a phrase – semantically, even tense suffixes attach to the whole clauuse, but we still treat them as affixes.<br clear="none">
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</span><p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydp97086edeMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">It seems all the three functional forms are
much more welded when they follow their host than their
counterparts which precede. Compare English possessive
markers <i>of</i> and –<i>’s</i>.</span></p>
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</blockquote> <br clear="none">Yes – this relates to the "suffixing preference" (<a shape="rect" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/782" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://dlc.hypotheses.org/782</a>). But note that "welded", as I defined it, is not a gradable concept.<br clear="none">
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</span><p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydp97086edeMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">BTW, I agree with you on the term ‘welded’
replacing the awkward and vague ‘prosodically bounded’.
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<p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydp97086edeMsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">For whatever reason, I cannot send my email
to lingtyp group. So I have to send my mail directly to
you.</span></p>
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</blockquote> <br clear="none">Your message of 25 January did go to LINGTYP (see <a shape="rect" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/2019-January/006953.html" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/lingtyp/2019-January/006953.html</a>).<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">But I replied to you separately, because it seemed a minor point.<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">Best wishes,<br clear="none">Martin<br clear="none">
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<div>On Monday, January 28, 2019, 12:05:40 PM PST, Martin
Haspelmath <a shape="rect" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"><haspelmath@shh.mpg.de></a> wrote:</div>
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<div>On 25.01.19 23:24, bingfu Lu wrote:<br clear="none">
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<p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633ydpa153fa2MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">Dear Martin,</span></p>
<p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633ydpa153fa2MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">I just wonder is there a term for
bounded forms that attach to phrases instead of
words. For example, English plural marker<i>
–(e)s</i> attaches to nominal words. English
third person singular marker <i>–(e)s</i>
attaches to verbal words. But English possessive
marker <i>–’s </i>attaches to nominal phrases,
such as in<i> the King of England’s daughter</i>.
I think the difference is very important in
typology.</span></p>
<p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633ydpa153fa2MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">Best</span></p>
<p align="left" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633ydpa153fa2MsoNormal" style="text-indent:21.75pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:Times New Roman, serif;">Bingfu</span><br clear="none">
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Yes, so I would say that all three are welded (because
they have different shapes depending on their hosts),
but only the first two are affixes (see <a shape="rect" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1664" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1664</a>).
The third marker is usually called a "clitic", but in my
terminological system, I don't have a term for it.<br clear="none">
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Best wishes,
<div class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633yqt4593500933" id="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633yqtfd74615"><br clear="none">
Martin<br clear="none">
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<pre class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633moz-signature">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a shape="rect" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910ydpc7978791yiv7910981633moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig
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<pre class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910moz-signature">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a shape="rect" class="ydp2ce86e45yiv5918049910moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig
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