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    Jeffrey Heath makes a very important point here. It's easy to think
    of a typical exemplar of an ideophone, and this is so different from
    other types of words that the special term "ideophone" seems useful.
    But exemplar-based concepts give us subjective stereotypes, not
    comparative concepts that can be used for objective cross-linguistic
    comparison. <br>
    <br>
    There are other terms of this kind in linguistics ("word", "clitic",
    "agglutination", "agreement") – they seem useful because everyone
    can think of a salient exemplar, but they are undefined, so we
    cannot really use them for quantitative cross-linguistic comparison.<br>
    <br>
    (The only definition of "ideophone" that I could think of is
    "obligatorily duplicated forms that can be used as adverbials" –
    this would include the most typical cases, and would exclude cases
    like Greek sighá-sighá 'slowly', because sighá on its own is
    possible as well, if I remember correctly. The definition would
    exclude many of the cases included by Dingemanse, of course.)<br>
    <br>
    Martin<br>
    <br>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 19.03.19 12:07, Heath Jeffrey wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:BL0PR04MB5137C85DD0AB0DA94A10D60EBD400@BL0PR04MB5137.namprd04.prod.outlook.com"
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        How do you define "ideophone"? Are English verbs twinkle and
        sputter ideophones? Are onomatopoeias ideophones? What about
        adjectival intensifiers like brand in brand new?</div>
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        There is no cross-linguistically applicable grammatical
        definition of this concept, i.e. with necessary and sufficient
        morphosyntactic properties. Dingemanse's universal definition of
        ideophones is, for good reason, limited to the convergence of
        phonological and semantic markedness. Both of these are
        intrinsically vague and subjective. His definition makes no
        mention of morphosyntactic properties. <span style="caret-color:
          rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri, Helvetica, sans-serif;
          background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline
          !important">In specific languages, </span><span
          style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Calibri,
          Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
          display: inline !important">morphosyntactically valid
          word-class categories often include some (intuitively)
          ideophone-like stems along with some (intuitively)
          non-ideophone-like stems, and exclude other (intuitively)
          ideophone-like stems. For example, onomatopoeias (sometimes
          claimed to be the universal bedrock of ideophones) often
          constitute a morphosyntactic class of their own, distinct from
          the class containing many (intuitively) ideophone-like stems.
          So there is no universal core for ideophone, comparable to
          that often claimed for adjective or numeral.</span></div>
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        Any crosslinguistic survey of ideophone semantics or phonology,
        even if limited to West Africa, will have to wrestle with the
        vagueness of the concept. </div>
      <hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%" tabindex="-1">
      <div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt"
          color="#000000" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><b>From:</b>
          Lingtyp <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on
          behalf of Johann-Mattis List <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:mattis.list@lingulist.de"><mattis.list@lingulist.de></a><br>
          <b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, March 19, 2019 5:47 AM<br>
          <b>To:</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
          <b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone
          semantic categories</font>
        <div> </div>
      </div>
      <div class="BodyFragment"><font size="2"><span
            style="font-size:11pt;">
            <div class="PlainText">I'd recommend all of you to see if
              the concepts you want to use there<br>
              appear (already) in Concepticon at <a
                moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fconcepticon.clld.org&amp;data=02%7C01%7C%7C2da20e444a544c06124008d6ac4feb60%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636885856584198686&amp;sdata=q158Ogy4Tt9jd78oRc8wYeFa9kPTNDlHsbG7Au9jwP0%3D&amp;reserved=0">https://nam01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fconcepticon.clld.org&amp;data=02%7C01%7C%7C2da20e444a544c06124008d6ac4feb60%7C84df9e7fe9f640afb435aaaaaaaaaaaa%7C1%7C0%7C636885856584198686&amp;sdata=q158Ogy4Tt9jd78oRc8wYeFa9kPTNDlHsbG7Au9jwP0%3D&amp;reserved=0</a>.
              If not,<br>
              and you publish your list, we'll gladly add them, if they
              are not too<br>
              idiosyncratic, but I'd expect they won't if you go for
              cross-linguistic<br>
              studies as a goal.<br>
              <br>
              Best,<br>
              <br>
              Mattis<br>
              <br>
              On 19/03/2019 10.32, Françoise Rose wrote:<br>
              > Hi Ian,<br>
              > <br>
              > Here is a list of general actions or states that are
              expressed (often<br>
              > more specifically) by Teko ideophones and that do not
              seem to fit in<br>
              > your current list.<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > Blowing<br>
              > <br>
              > Be dark<br>
              > <br>
              > Closed eyes / Open eyes<br>
              > <br>
              > Grimace<br>
              > <br>
              > Snoaring<br>
              > <br>
              > Tearing<br>
              > <br>
              > Entering /exiting<br>
              > <br>
              > Winking<br>
              > <br>
              > Shooting<br>
              > <br>
              > Falling<br>
              > <br>
              > Slip<br>
              > <br>
              > Jumping<br>
              > <br>
              > Go up/down<br>
              > <br>
              > Push<br>
              > <br>
              > Bubbles<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > You can read about Teko ideophones in my grammar. P.
              400-409<br>
              > <br>
              > Ros  Rose, Françoise. /Grammaire de l’émérillon Teko,
              Une Langue<br>
              > Tupi-Guarani de Guyane Française/. Langues et
              Sociétés d’Amérique<br>
              > Traditionnelle 10. Louvain: Peeters, 2011.<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > Very best,<br>
              > <br>
              > Françoise<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > *De :* Lingtyp
              <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> *De la
              part<br>
              > de* Joo Ian<br>
              > *Envoyé :* mardi 19 mars 2019 09:20<br>
              > *À :* <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
              > *Cc :* <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:caroljuan27@gmail.com">caroljuan27@gmail.com</a>; <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:mariaflax@gmail.com">mariaflax@gmail.com</a><br>
              > *Objet :* [Lingtyp] A "Swadesh List" of Ideophone
              semantic categories<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > Dear all,<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > I am currently trying to make a list of semantic
              categories of<br>
              > ideophones, in order to do a cross-linguistic
              comparison (for example,<br>
              > do ideophones whose meanings are related to
              brightness show similarity<br>
              > across different languages?)<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > Here’s my list so far, created out of my intuition
              and previous literature.<br>
              > <br>
              > I wonder if you have any meanings that you would like
              to add to or<br>
              > remove from the list.<br>
              > <br>
              > The goal is to make a list of ideophone meanings so
              that most languages<br>
              > that have a sizeable ideophone inventory would have
              at least several<br>
              > ideophones that belong to each category.<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > *Semantic Categories*<br>
              > <br>
              > Air<br>
              > <br>
              > Anxiety<br>
              > <br>
              > Bright<br>
              > <br>
              > Clean<br>
              > <br>
              > Clear-cut/Vivid<br>
              > <br>
              > Crying<br>
              > <br>
              > Dirty/Messy<br>
              > <br>
              > Dry<br>
              > <br>
              > Eating/Drinking<br>
              > <br>
              > Fast<br>
              > <br>
              > Flow<br>
              > <br>
              > Friction<br>
              > <br>
              > Hitting/Beating<br>
              > <br>
              > Hungry/Thirsty<br>
              > <br>
              > Laughter<br>
              > <br>
              > Looking<br>
              > <br>
              > Plenty<br>
              > <br>
              > Ringing<br>
              > <br>
              > Ripping/Cutting<br>
              > <br>
              > Romantic<br>
              > <br>
              > Rotation<br>
              > <br>
              > Rough<br>
              > <br>
              > Rupture<br>
              > <br>
              > Scattering<br>
              > <br>
              > Secretly<br>
              > <br>
              > Shaking/Vibration<br>
              > <br>
              > Slow/Lazy<br>
              > <br>
              > Soft<br>
              > <br>
              > Solid<br>
              > <br>
              > Speaking<br>
              > <br>
              > Stop<br>
              > <br>
              > Walking/Running<br>
              > <br>
              > Wet<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > I would appreciate any comments or advices.<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > From Seoul,<br>
              > <br>
              > Ian<br>
              > <br>
              >  <br>
              > <br>
              > <br>
              > _______________________________________________<br>
              > Lingtyp mailing list<br>
              > <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
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              > <br>
              _______________________________________________<br>
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      <pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
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</pre>
    </blockquote>
    <br>
    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10   
D-07745 Jena  
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik 
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig    





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