<div dir="ltr"><div>************Apologies for cross-postings************</div><div dir="ltr"><b><br></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b>Summer school on `Language Universals and Language Diversity in an Evolutionary Perspective' </b><br></div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">The school is organized by the University of Pavia ass-postingsnd the Lake Como School of Advanced Studies, and is adjacent to 13th International Conference of the Association for Linguistic
Typology, to be held at the University of Pavia, Italy, on
September 4-6th, 2019. The school will held at the beautiful Villa del Grumello, Como, Italy (a short train ride from Pavia and Milan), on September 9-12th, 2019. <br><br><b>Website</b>: <a href="http://lude.lakecomoschool.org/">http://lude.lakecomoschool.org/</a><br><br><b>Directors</b><br>Sonia Cristofaro (University of Pavia); Nicholas R. Evans (Australian National University, Canberra / ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language); Martin Haspelmath (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena / University of Leipzig)<br><br> <b><br>Local organizing committee</b><br>Sonia Cristofaro (University of Pavia), Andrea Sanso’ (University of Insubria)<br> .<br>In the 1960s, the pioneering work of Joseph Greenberg led to the discovery that grammatical variation in the world’s languages is not random. Some grammatical properties are significanly more frequent than others cross-linguistically. Also, there are recurrent implicational correlations between logically independent grammatical properties, such<br>that, if a language has some property X, it also usually has property Y (whereas Y can occur independently). While these are statistical, rather than exceptionless patterns, they are commonly referred to as language universals.<br><br>Ever since Greenberg’s work, language universals have been extensively investigated both in linguistics and in a variety of other disciplines, including for example psychology, biology, and computer science. In linguistic typology, the research tradition that originated directly from Greenberg’s work, universals are often explained in an evolutionary perspective, based on a general view of languages as complex adaptive systems. Universals result from multiple small-scale actions of different speakers over time. A variety of neurocognitive mechanisms, manifested at the level of speech production and processing, lead individual speakers to create novel grammatical structures from pre-existing ones. These structures are then selected, propagated and maintained in the language as a result of the dynamics of social interaction between adult speakers, as well as the dynamics of language acquisition (the vertical process of language transmission from one generation of speakers to another). To the extent that the same structures are recurrently created, propagated and maintained in different languages, an overall pattern will emerge. This is in contrast with the theoretical framework that goes back to Noam Chomsky, where language universals follow from static inbuilt constraints in a speaker’s mind.<br><br>While this evolutionary view is widely shared at the theoretical level, its consequences for empirical research on language universals and explanations thereof are still relatively under-explored. What is the exact nature of the neurocognitive mechanisms that lead speakers to recurrently create the same structures in different languages? How do mechanisms of social interaction lead to the propagation of individual structures? What is the role of language acquisition in shaping particular universal patterns? How can we disentangle and accurately model the effects of different mechanisms of creation, propagation and maintainance of particular structures? How can we extract evidence about these effects from the ever growing body of available data on the grammatical structure of different, unrelated languages all over the world?<br><br>The school brings together leading experts on these topics, who will provide state-of-the-art reviews of the relevant issues and related research prospects. Courses on offer include:<br><i><br><b>Balthasar Bickel (University of Zurich)</b></i></div><div dir="ltr"><br><b>Linguistic biases in biological perspective</b><br>While much progress has been made in linking universal biases in linguistic structure to internal mechanisms of language change and use, in this course we will review recent work that extends the explanatory scope beyond language itself. We will discuss proposals to explain specific distributional biases in terms of properties of the human brain and the speech/sign apparatus. We will address the methodological challenges of such work and its implications for probing the phylogeny and ontogeny of language as part of a wider interdisciplinary undertaking.<b><br><i><br>Holger Diessel (University of Jena)</i></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b><br></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b>The Grammar Network: How linguistic structure is shaped by language use</b><br>There is a long tradition in linguistics to conceive of grammar as a self-contained, deductive system consisting of primitive categories and algorithmic rules that are analyzed with any consideration of how language is used and processed. This tradition has been challenged, however, by usage-based linguists and psychologists who have argued that grammar is best understood as a dynamic network in which linguistic categories are constantly restructured and reorganized under the influence of language use.<br><br>In this class, we will consider the dynamic network approach to the study of grammar from a cross-linguistic perspective (Diessel 2019). Specifically, we will be concerned with recent network analyses of grammatical word class systems, constituent structure, case marking, argument structure and word order. Combing research from typology with research in psycholinguistics, the class explores how domain general processes of social cognition, conceptualization and memory shape the linguistic system. One aspect that will be of particular importance is the effect of frequency on usage and development. The class provides an introduction into the network model of grammar and emphasizes the importance of general research in cognitive psychology for the cross-linguistic study of language.<br><b><br><i>Nicholas R. Evans (Australian National University, Canberra/ ARC Centre of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language)</i></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b><br></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b>The grammar of others: social cognition and linguistic diversity</b><br>This course will explore the fundamental communicative domain of social cognition and its extremely variable realization across the grammars of the world’s languages. By social cognition is meant the sum of all cognitive and affective processes needed to live in a world of other social beings, and hominid advances in social cognition are increasingly recognised as the fundamental change which underlay the human capacity to evolve language. At the same time, it is a domain prone to great cross-cultural variation in terms of what categories get grammaticalised, and in their frequency of use.<br><br>Elements to be examined in the course include the conversational nexus (exchange of speaker/hearer roles; footing; the deictic field; attention and engagement), relationships between entities in the social world (kinship, group membership, possession), the social ramifications of events (benefit, agency, volitionality, reciprocity), inner worlds of the self and others (beliefs, intentions, etc.), and the relevance of personal histories (who has done what before), as well as the various interactions between these elements. In addition to standard methods in typology and linguistic anthropology I will draw on material from a semi-parallel corpus study of 25 languages from all continents.<br><b><br><i>Martin Haspelmath (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena/ Leipzig University)</i></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b><i><br></i></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b>Some universals of grammar with particular reference to coding asymmetries</b><br>In this course, I will highlight and discuss the insights about Human Language coming from the Greenbergian research programme of searching for universal trends in language structures. Linguists have tried to derive general insights from individual languages, or from the behaviour of individual speakers (e.g. in psycholinguistics), but I will argue that ultimately, all this research must be rooted in an understanding of cross-linguistic trends if it is to help us understand languages. I will also discuss the proposal that cross-linguistic generalizations are mostly derived from trends of language change (Cristofaro 2019), and throughout my lectures, I will focus on grammatical coding asymmetries (differential marking and “markedness asymmetries”).</div><div dir="ltr"><br><b><br><i>Sabine Stoll, University of Zurich</i></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b><br></b></div><div dir="ltr"><b>Language development: uniformity in diversity?</b><br>Understanding how language is learned is one of the main prerequisites for understanding the transmission of languages over extended time. In other words, it is an important cornerstone in understanding evolutionary processes in language. In this course we will discuss the different challenges posed by typologically very diverse languages. We will review recent work that probes for similar features in widely differing languages and aims at charting how specific features influence the learning process.<br><br><br><b>Practicalities</b><br><b>Registration fee</b>: 135 Euros<br><b>Deadline for application</b>: June 15th, 2019<br><b>Notification of acceptance</b>: June 21th, 2019<br><br>For more information, please visit the school website.<br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">--<br>Sonia Cristofaro<br>Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici<br>Sezione di Linguistica<br>Universita' di Pavia<br>Strada Nuova, 65<br>I-27100 Pavia<br>Italia<br>Tel. +390382984484<br>Fax +390382984487<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:sonia.cristofaro@unipv.it" target="_blank">sonia.cristofaro@unipv.it</a><br></div></div></div></div>