<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Such phenomena have been discussed in the generative and formal-semantics literature under the heading of “indexical shift” (“indexical” stands for locuphoric person form). See, in particular, this paper by my Leipzig colleague Sandhya Sundaresan:<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">An alternative model of indexical shift: Variation and selection without context-overwriting (2018)</div><div class=""><a href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/004115" class="">https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/004115</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The paper deals mostly with true reported speech, but on p. 28, Sundaresan gives a table of 26 languages for which indexical shift has been reported, where some of them also allow this with verbs like ’think’ and other attitude verbs, and some also with ‘know’ and even ‘want’ (in Athapaskan languages).</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Sundaresan even gives an implicational universal (p. 29):</div><div class="">
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<div class="column"><p class=""><span style="font-size: 12.000000pt; font-family: 'NimbusRomNo9L'" class="">"For a given grammar (language or dialect), if indexical shift is effected in the
scope of a non-speech attitude predicate, it must also be effected in the scope of
a speech predicate."</span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="">Martin<br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 24. Apr 2019, at 17:23, Denis CREISSELS <<a href="mailto:denis.creissels@univ-lyon2.fr" class="">denis.creissels@univ-lyon2.fr</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1; caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">Dear all,<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">By ‘extended direct speech’, I mean constructions involving a main verb which is not a verb of saying and a subordinate clause which does not refer to a speech act, but in which first person pronouns or indexes in the subordinate clause behave exactly in the same way as in direct speech, in the sense that they do not refer to the speaker, but to the subject of the matrix clause.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This pattern is regularly (although optionally) found in Jóola Fóoñi (aka Diola-Fogny, an Atlantic language of Senegal), in the complementation of ‘know’ and other cognitive verbs.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">For example, in Jóola Fooñi, ‘The child<sub class="">i</sub><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>knows that his<sub class="">i</sub><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>mother worked hard for him<sub class="">i</sub>’ is commonly expressed as literally ‘The child knows that my mother worked hard for me’. The obvious explanation is that such a sentence can be paraphrased as ‘The child knows (something he could express by saying:) my mother worked hard for me’. One must therefore consider the possibility that, cross-linguistically, similar sentences occur more or less sporadically in spontaneous speech with a special intonation, as a ‘figure of speech’ of the type termed ‘anacoluthon’ in classical rhetoric. What is special in the case of Jóola Fóoñi is that such a formulation is stylistically neutral, does not necessitate a special intonation, and is not deemed deviant by speakers.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">I would be interested to know whether a similar routinization of ‘extended direct speech’ has been observed in other languages.<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">Best,<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-align: justify; break-after: avoid-page;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;" class="">Denis<o:p class=""></o:p></span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;" class=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; color: windowtext;" class=""><o:p class=""> </o:p></span></div></div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="color: purple; text-decoration: underline; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></body></html>