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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=FR link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>By ‘extended direct speech’, I mean constructions involving a main verb which is not a verb of saying and a subordinate clause which does not refer to a speech act, but in which first person pronouns or indexes in the subordinate clause behave exactly in the same way as in direct speech, in the sense that they do not refer to the speaker, but to the subject of the matrix clause.</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'> This pattern is regularly (although optionally) found in Jóola Fóoñi (aka Diola-Fogny, an Atlantic language of Senegal), in the complementation of ‘know’ and other cognitive verbs.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>For example, in Jóola Fooñi, ‘The child<sub>i</sub> knows that his<sub>i</sub> mother worked hard for him<sub>i</sub>’ is commonly expressed as literally ‘The child knows that my mother worked hard for me’. The obvious explanation is that such a sentence can be paraphrased as ‘The child knows (something he could express by saying:) my mother worked hard for me’. One must therefore consider the possibility that, cross-linguistically, similar sentences occur more or less sporadically in spontaneous speech with a special intonation, as a ‘figure of speech’ of the type termed ‘anacoluthon’ in classical rhetoric. What is special in the case of Jóola Fóoñi is that such a formulation is stylistically neutral, does not necessitate a special intonation, and is not deemed deviant by speakers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>I would be interested to know whether a similar routinization of ‘extended direct speech’ has been observed in other languages.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Denis<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>