<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Arial Unicode MS";
panose-1:2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:black;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p.msonormal0, li.msonormal0, div.msonormal0
{mso-style-name:msonormal;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0cm;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0cm;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
span.EmailStyle18
{mso-style-type:personal;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
span.EmailStyle19
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang="EN-GB" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear Denis,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">This is a very interesting case! But how is it different from instances in English, for example, where a non-speech verb is used in a direct speech construction,
like ‘Then he knew: “today is the day”’?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Tanya Nikitina and I have a discussion paper in a next issue of LT, in which we argue that reported speech (as a cover term for sub-construction types such as direct
and indirect speech) carries a specific meaning independent of <i>verba dicendi</i> that may or may not be used with it in a particular language. (Elsewhere I have called this construction a framing construction, following Bill McGregor and Alan Rumsey. I
would suggest that the example you cite fits this description: cognition verbs may either pattern with framing constructions or can alternate between a framing construction, or another complex clause construction (e.g. complementation).)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Incidentally, we have just started a typological project in Helsinki looking into constructions that we have labelled ‘extended reported speech’, with which we mostly
mean constructions that that <i>look</i> like reported speech, but that carry a non-speech function (e.g. indirect causation, temporal functions etc). Asking what type of matrix verbs can occur within reported speech constructions in a specific language presents
an interesting different take on that same phenomenon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Stef<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif">Dr Stef Spronck</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif">Postdoctoral researcher at the University of Helsinki (HU Humanities Programme; Indigenous languages)</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif">Research affiliate at </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif"><a href="http://www.dynamicsoflanguage.edu.au/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt">CoEDL</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif">,
The Australian National University and </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif"><a href="https://www.arts.kuleuven.be/ling/func"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt">FunC</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif">,
University of Leuven<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif">Associate editor at
<i><a href="http://ludjournal.org/index.php?journal=LUD&page=index">Language under Discussion</a></i> and
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif">section editor (Typology/Pragmatics) at </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif"><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/opli"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt">Open
Linguistics</span></i></a></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS",serif"><a href="https://participationgrammar.net/"><span lang="FI" style="font-size:8.0pt">https://participationgrammar.net</span></a></span><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Denis CREISSELS<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 24 April 2019 18:24<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] Query: extended direct speech<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">By ‘extended direct speech’, I mean constructions involving a main verb which is not a verb of saying and a subordinate clause
which does not refer to a speech act, but in which first person pronouns or indexes in the subordinate clause behave exactly in the same way as in direct speech, in the sense that they do not refer to the speaker, but to the subject of the matrix clause. This
pattern is regularly (although optionally) found in Jóola Fóoñi (aka Diola-Fogny, an Atlantic language of Senegal), in the complementation of ‘know’ and other cognitive verbs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">For example, in Jóola Fooñi, ‘The child<sub>i</sub> knows that his<sub>i</sub> mother worked hard for him<sub>i</sub>’ is commonly
expressed as literally ‘The child knows that my mother worked hard for me’. The obvious explanation is that such a sentence can be paraphrased as ‘The child knows (something he could express by saying:) my mother worked hard for me’. One must therefore consider
the possibility that, cross-linguistically, similar sentences occur more or less sporadically in spontaneous speech with a special intonation, as a ‘figure of speech’ of the type termed ‘anacoluthon’ in classical rhetoric. What is special in the case of Jóola
Fóoñi is that such a formulation is stylistically neutral, does not necessitate a special intonation, and is not deemed deviant by speakers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I would be interested to know whether a similar routinization of ‘extended direct speech’ has been observed in other languages.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Denis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;color:windowtext"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>