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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Silvia,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Since you are trying to come up with “<span style="color:black">an operational definition of what constitutes a singulative</span>”, I have two comments which might be helpful:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span lang="EN-US">1. Re:<span style="color:black;background:white"> “(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic): </span><i><span style="color:black">lúban</span></i><span style="color:black;background:white"> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative </span><i><span style="color:black">lúban-titi </span></i><span style="color:black;background:white">‘a
lion’”<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Notice that the term ‘general number’ (nouns) is probably too wide, as it covers rather distinct kinds of transnumeral / number-neutral nouns, each with its own ‘mini-grammar’ (semantic, formal, pragmatic properties).
Perhaps the two best-known transnumeral noun types (used for concrete objects) are:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(a) ‘sort nouns’, which require a numeral classifier when modified by a numeral, e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="DE">Thai (Hundius & Kölver 1983: 172, 167):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-GB">
<i>rôm sǎam khan</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> umbrella(s) three
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">clf:long, handled object</span></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> ‘three umbrellas’</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(b) ’set nouns’, which do <b>NOT</b> require a classifier when modified by a cardinal numeral (Rijkhoff 2004: 101-121), e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Oromo</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black"> (Stroomer 1987: 59)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black"> <i>gaala lamaani</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black"> camel(s) two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black"> ‘two camels’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Apparently only ‘set nouns’ may appear with a singulative marker (in some languages), not ‘sort nouns’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span lang="EN-US">2. RE the term ‘singulative marker’<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The label ‘singulative marker’ has been used for elements with rather different meanings and functions. It would be good not to add to the confusion. For example, on so-called ‘morphological collective nouns’ (as attested
in e.g. Breton and other Brittonic languages that you are very familiar with), which are
<b>NOT transnumeral</b>, it seems to serve as a derivational affix (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Aquaviva 2008: 246; Greenberg 1972: 20)</span><span lang="EN-GB">.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> On transnumeral set nouns (that do not require a numeral classifier when counted, see (b) above), as attested in e.g. Oromo, Georgian, Turkish and many other languages, such markers serve to indicate the
size of a set entity. They have been coined SET NOUNS because they denote a set, which can have any number of members, including ‘one’ (singleton set). In some languages that have these transnumeral set nouns, the size/kind of set referred to is explicitly
marked by so-called ‘nominal aspect markers’ (Rijkhoff 2004: 101-121; Rijkhoff 2008). These inflectional markers belong to a distinct grammatical category, as they do not express quantitative (number) distinctions, but rather qualitative distinctions. By using
a nominal aspect marker, the speaker specifies what KIND of set is being referred to: a singleton set (with just one member) or a set with multiple members (i.e. a collective or a distributive set of individuals or objects).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> Some other properties of set nouns: (a) as a rule, the nominal aspect marker (often erroneously called ‘number marker’) never appears on numerated set nouns (for an explanation, see Rijkhoff 2004) and
(b) subject NPs headed by a numerated set noun trigger (obligatory) singular verb agreement (because agreement is with the set, which is always a single entity, not with the members of the set) – as in this example from Oromo (other examples, from Georgian
and Lango, in Rijkhoff 2004: 109, 113).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Oromo (Stroomer 1987: 59, 107)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> <i>gaala lamaani sookoo d<span style="color:black">'</span>ak<span style="color:black">'</span>-e</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> camel(s) two market go-<span style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg.m.past</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> ‘Two camels went to the market.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Acquaviva, Paolo. 2008. <i>Lexical Plurals: A morphosemantic approach</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Greenberg, Joseph H. 1972. Numeral classifiers and substantival number: Problems in the genesis of a linguistic type.
<i>Working Papers on Language Universals</i> 9 (Stanford University), 2-39.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2004. <i>The Noun Phrase</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Expanded Pb publication of the 2002 Hb edition]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2008. On flexible and rigid nouns.
</span><i>Studies in Language</i> 32-3, 727-752.<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Best, Jan R</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">J. Rijkhoff - Associate Professor<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Linguistics, Aarhus University<br>
Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2, Building 1485-621<br>
DK-8000 Aarhus C, DENMARK<br>
Phone: (+45) 87162143<br>
E-mail: <a href="mailto:linjr@cc.au.dk"><span style="color:#0563C1">linjr@cc.au.dk</span></a><br>
URL: http://pure.au.dk/portal/en/linjr@cc.au.dk</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From:
</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of "Nurmio, Silva M" <silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, 13 May 2019 at 09.15<br>
<b>To: </b>"lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Query: looking for singulatives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Dear all,</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">I’m looking for data on singulatives and I’m writing to ask for your help in tracking down more instances of this phenomenon. There is so far no comprehensive list of singulatives
in the world’s languages that’s informed by an operational definition of what constitutes a singulative, and my aim is to produce such a database.
</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">My working definition of the singulative is that it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added
to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating marker. Bases for singulatives tend to be mass nouns, plurals, collectives of different kinds, general number forms, and sometimes non-nominal bases like adjectives. Here are four examples of different types
of singulatives under my definition:</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic):
<i>lúban</i> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative <i>lúban-titi </i>‘a lion’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(2) Russian (Indo-European)
<i>gorox</i> ‘pea(s)’ (mass), singulative <i>goroš-ina</i> ‘a pea’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(3) Italian (Indo-European)
<i>cioccolato</i> ’chocolate’ (mass), singulative <i>cioccolat-ino</i> ’a chocolate praline, chocolate sweet’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(4) Welsh (Indo-European)
<i>unigol</i> ‘individual’ (adjective), singulative <i>unigol-yn</i> ‘an individual’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">These examples show that singulatives occur in different number systems, and they can be productive or unproductive (like the Russian -<i>ina</i> suffix). I also include
diminutive markers which have a singulative function, as seen in (3) (Jurafsky 1996 calls this the ’partitive’ function of diminutives). Forms that are singulatives are often not described as such in grammars (especially types 3 and 4), making them harder
to find. I am also including singulatives in older language stages which have since been lost (e.g. Old Irish).</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Below is a list of languages (alphabetical order) on which I already have data. I would be very grateful for any pointers to grammars, language descriptions or other mentions
of singulatives in languages which are not on the list, or if you think there are sources for any of the already listed languages that I’m likely to have missed.
</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Thank you very much in advance!</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Best wishes,</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Silva Nurmio</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Aari</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Akkadian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Arabic (several dialects)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Arbore</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Baiso/Bayso</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Baule</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Berber</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Bidyogo</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Bora</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Breton</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Burushaski</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Cantonese</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Cornish</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Dagaare</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Dutch</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Enets (Forest Enets and Tundra Enets)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ewe</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Fox</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Gede'o</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Hebrew</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Imonda</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Italian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Itelmen</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Kambaata</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Kiowa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Krongo </span>
<span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Majang</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Maltese</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Marle (Murle)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Masa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Miraña</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Nafusi</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Nahuatl (all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ojibwe (all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Old Irish</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Oromo (Borana dialect)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Resígaro</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Russian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Shilluk</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Shona</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Sidamo</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Swahili</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tariana</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tewa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tigre</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tiwa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Towa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Turkana</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ukrainian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Welsh</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Yiddish</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Zulu</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="Signature">
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper">
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Dr Silva Nurmio<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Research Fellow<br>
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies<br>
Fabianinkatu 24 (P.O. Box 4)<br>
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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