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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="#1f497d" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">On the surface at least, rice is [+count]
in Danish (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ris</span></i>) and [-count] in German (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Reis</span></i>).
So in a recipe, you would cook ‚the rices‘ (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">risene</span></i>) in Danish and ‚the rice‘ (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">den
Reis</span></i>) in German.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="#1f497d" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">On the other hand, with spaghetti it
is the other way round: Danish <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">spaghetti</span></i> is singular and [-count], while German
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Spaghetti</span></i> is a
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">plurale tantum</span></i> (hence inherently [+count]).
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="#1f497d" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US">I am not aware of a singulative in either
language to refer to a single piece of spaghetti, while for a single grain of rice, you can say
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Reiskorn</span></i> in German (which is, of course, a lexical singulative) but strangely enough also
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">riskorn</span></i> (not
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-style:italic;mso-bidi-font-style:normal">en ris</span></i>) in Danish.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="#1f497d" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><font size="2" color="#1f4e79" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-weight:bold;mso-no-proof:yes">Hartmut
Haberland</span></font></b><font size="2" color="#1f4e79" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes"><br>
Professor emeritus<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="2" color="#1f4e79" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79;mso-no-proof:yes"><img width="100" height="42" id="_x0000_i1025" src="https://intra.ruc.dk/fileadmin/assets/adm/campusit/ruc.png" alt="RUC"></span></font><font size="2" color="#1f4e79" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-no-proof:yes"><br>
<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Roskilde University</span></b><br>
Department of Communication and Arts<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><font size="2" color="#1f4e79" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79;mso-no-proof:yes">Universitetsvej 1<br>
DK-4000 Roskilde<br>
Telephone: +45 46742841</span></font><font size="2" color="#1f4e79" face="Arial"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F4E79;mso-no-proof:yes"><br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
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<![endif]></span></font><font size="2" color="#1f497d"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D;mso-no-proof:yes"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="#1f497d" face="Calibri"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#1F497D;mso-ansi-language:DE"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext;font-weight:bold">Fra:</span></font></b><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:windowtext">
Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> <b><span style="font-weight:bold">På vegne af
</span></b>David Gil<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Sendt:</span></b> 13. maj 2019 10:30<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Til:</span></b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b><span style="font-weight:bold">Emne:</span></b> Re: [Lingtyp] Query: looking for singulatives<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hi Silva,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">In Sinitic languages (especially southern ones), Vietnamese, and elsewhere in the region, there is a construction of the general form<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">CLF N<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">i.e. a noun preceded by a numeral classifier. The resulting construction is almost invariably singular — the exception being cases where the classifier itself has inherent
plural semantics. (In addition, the construction in question is associated with the classificatory semantics of the classifier, plus also various (in)definiteness effects, e.g. it is usually definite in Cantonese but indefinite in Mandarin.)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Is this a singulative? The only reason not to call it such might be that the classifier is usually considered to be a "separate word", whereas the term "singulative" is generally
used in the context of morphology. However — as Martin Haspelmath frequently reminds us — the notion of wordhood is problematic and often unduly influenced by the standard orthography, which, in the case of Chinese and Vietnamese at least, strongly prejudices
us towards a "separate word" analysis. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Indeed, one could perhaps make a case that the familiar articles of many western European languages are also singulatives ... This is but another example of the problems
inherent in the positing of comparative concepts that make reference to the morphology/syntax distinction. I am not proposing that we do away with this distinction; in particular, in the domain in question, there does seem to be good reason to distinguish
between the domains of "Number" (morphological) and "Quantification" (syntactic). It's just that the abundance of problematic "in-between" cases means that we need to try and make our criteria as explicit as we possibly can.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">David<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Times New Roman"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">On 13/05/2019 14:15, Nurmio, Silva M wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt">
<div>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Dear all,</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">I’m looking for data on singulatives and I’m writing
to ask for your help in tracking down more instances of this phenomenon. There is so far no comprehensive list of singulatives in the world’s languages that’s informed by an operational definition of what constitutes a singulative, and my aim is to produce
such a database. </span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">My working definition of the singulative is that
it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating marker. Bases for singulatives tend to be mass nouns, plurals, collectives of different
kinds, general number forms, and sometimes non-nominal bases like adjectives. Here are four examples of different types of singulatives under my definition:</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic):
<i><span style="font-style:italic">lúban</span></i> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative
<i><span style="font-style:italic">lúban-titi </span></i>‘a lion’</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(2) Russian (Indo-European)
<i><span style="font-style:italic">gorox</span></i> ‘pea(s)’ (mass), singulative <i>
<span style="font-style:italic">goroš-ina</span></i> ‘a pea’</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(3) Italian (Indo-European)
<i><span style="font-style:italic">cioccolato</span></i> ’chocolate’ (mass), singulative
<i><span style="font-style:italic">cioccolat-ino</span></i> ’a chocolate praline, chocolate sweet’</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(4) Welsh (Indo-European)
<i><span style="font-style:italic">unigol</span></i> ‘individual’ (adjective), singulative
<i><span style="font-style:italic">unigol-yn</span></i> ‘an individual’</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">These examples show that singulatives occur in
different number systems, and they can be productive or unproductive (like the Russian -<i><span style="font-style:italic">ina</span></i> suffix). I also include diminutive markers which have a singulative function, as seen in (3) (Jurafsky 1996 calls this
the ’partitive’ function of diminutives). Forms that are singulatives are often not described as such in grammars (especially types 3 and 4), making them harder to find. I am also including singulatives in older language stages which have since been lost (e.g.
Old Irish).</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Below is a list of languages (alphabetical order)
on which I already have data. I would be very grateful for any pointers to grammars, language descriptions or other mentions of singulatives in languages which are not on the list, or if you think there are sources for any of the already listed languages that
I’m likely to have missed. </span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Thank you very much in advance!</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Best wishes,</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Silva Nurmio</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:106%;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Aari</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Akkadian</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Arabic (several dialects)</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Arbore</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Baiso/Bayso</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Baule</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Berber</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Bidyogo</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Bora</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Breton</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Burushaski</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Cantonese</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Cornish</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Dagaare</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Dutch</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Enets (Forest Enets and Tundra Enets)</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ewe</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Fox</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Gede'o</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Hebrew</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Imonda</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Italian</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Itelmen</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Kambaata</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Kiowa</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Krongo
</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Majang</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Maltese</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Marle (Murle)</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Masa</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Miraña</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Nafusi</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Nahuatl (all dialects?)</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ojibwe (all dialects?)</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Old Irish</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Oromo (Borana dialect)</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Resígaro</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Russian</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Shilluk</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Shona</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Sidamo</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Swahili</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tariana</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tewa</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tigre</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tiwa</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Towa</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Turkana</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ukrainian</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Welsh</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Yiddish</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Zulu</span></font><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Dr Silva Nurmio<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Research Fellow<br>
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies<br>
Fabianinkatu 24 (P.O. Box 4)<br>
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="owaautolink"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><a href="https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio">https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio</a></span></font></span><font size="2" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font size="2" color="black" face="Calibri"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
</blockquote>
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<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-- <o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">David Gil<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81281162816<o:p></o:p></span></font></pre>
<pre><font size="2" color="black" face="Courier New"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></font></pre>
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