<html><head>
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</head><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">It's great to see this
plan to study singulative constructions cross-lingistically – but we
would probably all want to distinguish singulative markers from singular
markers, and Silva's working definition does not achieve this yet:<br>
<br>
<span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">"My working definition of the
singulative is that it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or
derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added
to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating marker."<br>
<br>
This is because in many Indo-European languages, and also in many
languages of Africa (and sometimes elsewhere), nouns have obligatory
affixes that signal that they are singular. For example, in the Latin
contrast hort-us 'garden' vs. hort-i 'gardens', the suffix -us signals
singular (and nominative). And in Swahili, the contrast ki-toto/vi-toto
'baby/babies' is a singular-plural contrast. (These affixes also have
implications for gender assignment, but this is irrelevant here.)<br>
<br>
We would not want to call Latin -us and Swahili ki- "singulative
affixes" – but why not?<br>
<br>
It seems to me that the basic intuition that we all share is that a
singulative marker is a marker on a base which can be used with plural
meaning if unmarked. In a 2017 paper, Andres Karjus and I gave the
following definition:</span><br>
<span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">
</span>
<div class="page" title="Page 4">
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<div class="page" title="Page 5">
<p><span style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family:
'AdvOT4e5fbc10'">"A
singulative/basic pair is a pair of noun forms where one member is a
marked</span><span style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family:
'AdvOT4e5fbc10'"> uniplex nominal (e.g., Welsh </span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT2df93c3e.I'">moron-en </span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10+20'">‘</span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10'">carrot</span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10+20'">’</span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10'">), while
the other member is an
unmarked multiplex nominal (e.g., Welsh </span><span style="font-size:
9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT2df93c3e.I'">moron </span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10+20'">‘</span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10'">carrots</span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10+20'">’</span><span
style="font-size: 9.000000pt; font-family: 'AdvOT4e5fbc10'">)"
(Haspelmath & Karjus 2017: §2; available at
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://zenodo.org/record/833720">https://zenodo.org/record/833720</a>)
</span>
</p></div>
</div></div>
I now realize that this definition is a bit vague, and the Vietnamese
example that David Gil gave (CLF N 'a N') could indeed be seen as a
singulative construction (as the noun by itself can be used with plural
meaning). One could make the definition narrower by requiring that the
noun without the singulative marker MUST have plural (multiplex)
meaning, and since this is not the case in Vietnamese, it would not be
singulative after all.<br>
<br>
David mentions the difference between "syntax" and "morphology", and
while this is traditionally considered important, Silva merely talks
about "a singulativizing and individuating marker". But *markers* are
not always affixes, so there is no need to decide whether Vietnamese
classifiers are affixes. All that matters is that they are markers (i.e.
they are bound forms which are not roots), and this is not in question.<br>
<br>
In addition to Haspelmath & Karjus (2017), there is another recent
paper that comes to very similar conclusions: Grimm's (2018) paper on
"countability classes" and the "individuation scale" (discussed here:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1554">https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1554</a>).<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<span>Jan Rijkhoff wrote on 13.05.19 13:48:</span><br>
<blockquote type="cite"
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Dear Silvia,</span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Since you are trying to come up
with “<span style="color:black">an operational definition of what
constitutes a singulative</span>”, I have two comments which might be
helpful:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span lang="EN-US">1. Re:<span
style="color:black;background:white"> “(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic): </span><i><span
style="color:black">lúban</span></i><span
style="color:black;background:white"> ‘lion(s)’ (general number),
singulative </span><i><span style="color:black">lúban-titi </span></i><span
style="color:black;background:white">‘a
lion’”<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Notice that the term ‘general
number’ (nouns) is probably too wide, as it covers rather distinct kinds
of transnumeral / number-neutral nouns, each with its own
‘mini-grammar’ (semantic, formal, pragmatic properties).
Perhaps the two best-known transnumeral noun types (used for concrete
objects) are:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(a) ‘sort nouns’, which require a
numeral classifier when modified by a numeral, e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="DE">Thai
(Hundius & Kölver 1983: 172, 167):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after:avoid"><span lang="EN-GB">
<i>rôm sǎam khan</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">
umbrella(s) three
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">clf:long, handled object</span></span><span
lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> ‘three
umbrellas’</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(b) ’set nouns’, which do <b>NOT</b>
require a classifier when modified by a cardinal numeral (Rijkhoff
2004: 101-121), e.g.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Oromo</span></u><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"> (Stroomer 1987: 59)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">
<i>gaala lamaani</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">
camel(s) two<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">
‘two camels’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Apparently only ‘set nouns’ may
appear with a singulative marker (in some languages), not ‘sort nouns’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span lang="EN-US">2. RE the term ‘singulative
marker’<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The label ‘singulative marker’
has been used for elements with rather different meanings and functions.
It would be good not to add to the confusion. For example, on so-called
‘morphological collective nouns’ (as attested
in e.g. Breton and other Brittonic languages that you are very familiar
with), which are
<b>NOT transnumeral</b>, it seems to serve as a derivational affix (</span><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Aquaviva 2008: 246; Greenberg 1972:
20)</span><span lang="EN-GB">.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> On transnumeral
set nouns (that do not require a numeral classifier when counted, see
(b) above), as attested in e.g. Oromo, Georgian, Turkish and many other
languages, such markers serve to indicate the
size of a set entity. They have been coined SET NOUNS because they
denote a set, which can have any number of members, including ‘one’
(singleton set). In some languages that have these transnumeral set
nouns, the size/kind of set referred to is explicitly
marked by so-called ‘nominal aspect markers’ (Rijkhoff 2004: 101-121;
Rijkhoff 2008). These inflectional markers belong to a distinct
grammatical category, as they do not express quantitative (number)
distinctions, but rather qualitative distinctions. By using
a nominal aspect marker, the speaker specifies what KIND of set is
being referred to: a singleton set (with just one member) or a set with
multiple members (i.e. a collective or a distributive set of individuals
or objects).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> Some other
properties of set nouns: (a) as a rule, the nominal aspect marker (often
erroneously called ‘number marker’) never appears on numerated set
nouns (for an explanation, see Rijkhoff 2004) and
(b) subject NPs headed by a numerated set noun trigger (obligatory)
singular verb agreement (because agreement is with the set, which is
always a single entity, not with the members of the set) – as in this
example from Oromo (other examples, from Georgian
and Lango, in Rijkhoff 2004: 109, 113).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Oromo (Stroomer 1987: 59, 107)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> <i>gaala
lamaani sookoo d<span style="color:black">'</span>ak<span
style="color:black">'</span>-e</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">
camel(s) two
market go-<span
style="font-variant:small-caps">3sg.m.past</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> ‘Two camels went
to the market.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Acquaviva, Paolo. 2008. <i>Lexical
Plurals: A morphosemantic approach</i>. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Greenberg, Joseph H. 1972.
Numeral classifiers and substantival number: Problems in the genesis of a
linguistic type.
<i>Working Papers on Language Universals</i> 9 (Stanford University),
2-39.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2004. <i>The Noun
Phrase</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Expanded Pb publication
of the 2002 Hb edition]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Rijkhoff, Jan. 2008. On flexible
and rigid nouns.
</span><i>Studies in Language</i> 32-3, 727-752.<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">Best, Jan R</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-GB">--<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-GB">J. Rijkhoff - Associate Professor<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-GB">Linguistics, Aarhus University<br>
Jens Chr. Skous Vej 2, Building 1485-621<br>
DK-8000 Aarhus C, DENMARK<br>
Phone: (+45) 87162143<br>
E-mail: <a href="mailto:linjr@cc.au.dk" moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#0563C1">linjr@cc.au.dk</span></a><br>
URL: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://pure.au.dk/portal/en/linjr@cc.au.dk">http://pure.au.dk/portal/en/linjr@cc.au.dk</a></span></i><span
style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"
lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm
0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"
lang="EN-US">From:
</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black" lang="EN-US">Lingtyp
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on behalf of "Nurmio,
Silva M" <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi"><silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi></a><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, 13 May 2019 at 09.15<br>
<b>To: </b><a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">"lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"</a>
<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org"><lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Query: looking for singulatives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Dear all,</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">I’m looking for data on singulatives
and I’m writing to ask for your help in tracking down more instances of
this phenomenon. There is so far no comprehensive list of singulatives
in the world’s languages that’s informed by an operational definition
of what constitutes a singulative, and my aim is to produce such a
database.
</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">My working definition of the
singulative is that it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or
derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added
to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating marker. Bases for
singulatives tend to be mass nouns, plurals, collectives of different
kinds, general number forms, and sometimes non-nominal bases like
adjectives. Here are four examples of different types
of singulatives under my definition:</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic):
<i>lúban</i> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative <i>lúban-titi </i>‘a
lion’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">(2) Russian (Indo-European)
<i>gorox</i> ‘pea(s)’ (mass), singulative <i>goroš-ina</i> ‘a pea’</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">(3) Italian (Indo-European)
<i>cioccolato</i> ’chocolate’ (mass), singulative <i>cioccolat-ino</i>
’a chocolate praline, chocolate sweet’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">(4) Welsh (Indo-European)
<i>unigol</i> ‘individual’ (adjective), singulative <i>unigol-yn</i> ‘an
individual’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">These examples show that singulatives
occur in different number systems, and they can be productive or
unproductive (like the Russian -<i>ina</i> suffix). I also include
diminutive markers which have a singulative function, as seen in (3)
(Jurafsky 1996 calls this the ’partitive’ function of diminutives).
Forms that are singulatives are often not described as such in grammars
(especially types 3 and 4), making them harder
to find. I am also including singulatives in older language stages
which have since been lost (e.g. Old Irish).</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Below is a list of languages
(alphabetical order) on which I already have data. I would be very
grateful for any pointers to grammars, language descriptions or other
mentions
of singulatives in languages which are not on the list, or if you think
there are sources for any of the already listed languages that I’m
likely to have missed.
</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Thank you very much in advance!</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Best wishes,</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span
style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Silva Nurmio</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Aari</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Akkadian</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Arabic
(several dialects)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Arbore</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Baiso/Bayso</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Baule</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Berber</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Bidyogo</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Bora</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Breton</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Burushaski</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Cantonese</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Cornish</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Dagaare</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Dutch</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Enets
(Forest Enets and Tundra Enets)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Ewe</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Fox</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Gede'o</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Hebrew</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Imonda</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Italian</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Itelmen</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Kambaata</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Kiowa</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Krongo
</span>
<span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Majang</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Maltese</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Marle
(Murle)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Masa</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Miraña</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nafusi</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Nahuatl
(all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Ojibwe
(all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Old
Irish</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Oromo
(Borana dialect)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Resígaro</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Russian</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Shilluk</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Shona</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Sidamo</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Swahili</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Tariana</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Tewa</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Tigre</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Tiwa</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Towa</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Turkana</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Ukrainian</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB" lang="EN-GB">Welsh</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Yiddish</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Zulu</span><span
style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div id="Signature">
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper">
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Dr Silva Nurmio<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Research
Fellow<br>
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies<br>
Fabianinkatu 24 (P.O. Box 4)<br>
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="owaautolink"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio">https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio</a></span></span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<fieldset class="mimeAttachmentHeader"></fieldset>
<br>
<pre wrap="">_______________________________________________
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</pre>
</blockquote>
<br>
<div class="moz-signature">-- <br>
<div>
<pre class="gmail-m_-4483938441139367656moz-signature" cols="72">Martin Haspelmath (<a class="gmail-m_-4483938441139367656moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig </pre>
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