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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Corrrection:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Earlier I wrote: “On transnumeral set nouns (that do not require a numeral classifier when counted, see (b) above), as attested in e.g. Oromo, Georgian, Turkish and many other languages, such markers serve to indicate
the size of a set entity.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">However, I didn’t mean to imply that all these languages (with ‘nominal aspect markers’) also have singulative affixes; of the three language mentioned, only Oromo has them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Languages with a singulative marker are a small subset of all the languages with --typically optional-- nominal aspect markers on their set nouns (mostly marking collective or distributive aspect).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Apologies for the confusion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Jan R<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of "Nurmio, Silva M" <silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi><br>
<b>Date: </b>Monday, 13 May 2019 at 09.15<br>
<b>To: </b>"lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[Lingtyp] Query: looking for singulatives<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Dear all,</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span style="color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">I’m looking for data on singulatives and I’m writing to ask for your help in tracking down more instances of this phenomenon. There is so far no comprehensive list of singulatives
in the world’s languages that’s informed by an operational definition of what constitutes a singulative, and my aim is to produce such a database.
</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">My working definition of the singulative is that it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added
to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating marker. Bases for singulatives tend to be mass nouns, plurals, collectives of different kinds, general number forms, and sometimes non-nominal bases like adjectives. Here are four examples of different types
of singulatives under my definition:</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic):
<i>lúban</i> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative <i>lúban-titi </i>‘a lion’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(2) Russian (Indo-European)
<i>gorox</i> ‘pea(s)’ (mass), singulative <i>goroš-ina</i> ‘a pea’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(3) Italian (Indo-European)
<i>cioccolato</i> ’chocolate’ (mass), singulative <i>cioccolat-ino</i> ’a chocolate praline, chocolate sweet’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">(4) Welsh (Indo-European)
<i>unigol</i> ‘individual’ (adjective), singulative <i>unigol-yn</i> ‘an individual’</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">These examples show that singulatives occur in different number systems, and they can be productive or unproductive (like the Russian -<i>ina</i> suffix). I also include
diminutive markers which have a singulative function, as seen in (3) (Jurafsky 1996 calls this the ’partitive’ function of diminutives). Forms that are singulatives are often not described as such in grammars (especially types 3 and 4), making them harder
to find. I am also including singulatives in older language stages which have since been lost (e.g. Old Irish).</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Below is a list of languages (alphabetical order) on which I already have data. I would be very grateful for any pointers to grammars, language descriptions or other mentions
of singulatives in languages which are not on the list, or if you think there are sources for any of the already listed languages that I’m likely to have missed.
</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Thank you very much in advance!</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Best wishes,</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8.0pt;line-height:106%"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Silva Nurmio</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Aari</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Akkadian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Arabic (several dialects)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Arbore</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Baiso/Bayso</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Baule</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Berber</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Bidyogo</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Bora</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Breton</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Burushaski</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Cantonese</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Cornish</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Dagaare</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Dutch</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Enets (Forest Enets and Tundra Enets)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ewe</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Fox</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Gede'o</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Hebrew</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Imonda</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Italian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Itelmen</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Kambaata</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Kiowa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Krongo </span>
<span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Majang</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Maltese</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Marle (Murle)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Masa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Miraña</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Nafusi</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Nahuatl (all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ojibwe (all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Old Irish</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Oromo (Borana dialect)</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Resígaro</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Russian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Shilluk</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Shona</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Sidamo</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Swahili</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tariana</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tewa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tigre</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Tiwa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Towa</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Turkana</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Ukrainian</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB">Welsh</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Yiddish</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB" style="color:black">Zulu</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Dr Silva Nurmio<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Research Fellow<br>
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies<br>
Fabianinkatu 24 (P.O. Box 4)<br>
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="owaautolink"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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