<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Dear Silva, <div><br></div><div>I see that you have included Bora, Miraña, and Tariana in your list. I imagine you've included them because of the "individualizing" function of certain classifiers which turn a generic noun into a singular noun (e.g. Mako [ISO: wpc] <i>luwa </i>'guama (a tree of the <i>Inga</i> genus)' vs. <font face="times new roman, serif" style="font-style:italic">l</font><font face="arial, sans-serif" style="font-style:italic">uwa-</font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><i>ˀbo </i>'one guama fruit'). If so, o</font></span>ther Northwest Amazonian languages with nominal classification systems similar to those of Bora, Miraña and Tariana (an areal feature) could possibly also be included in the list. </div><div><br></div><div>For Mako, you can see a discussion in my dissertation (Rosés Labrada, 2015); for Piaroa (its sister language), you can see Krute (1989). I'd suggest looking at grammars of Tukanoan languages for additional instances of this type. </div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Jorge</div><div>References: </div><div><p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt"><font face="times new roman, serif"><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">Krute, Laurence Dana.</span><span lang="DE" style=""> 1989. <i>Piaroa nominal morphosemantics.</i> PhD dissertation,</span><span lang="DE" style=""> Columbia University.</span></font></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt"><font face="times new roman, serif"><span lang="ES" style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">Rosés Labrada, Jorge
Emilio.</span><span lang="ES" style=""> </span>2015a. <i>The
Mako language: Vitality, grammar and classification</i>.<i style=""> </i>PhD dissertation, University of Western Ontario and Université
Lumière-Lyon 2. URL: <a href="https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2851/">https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2851/</a> </font></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt"><font face="times new roman, serif"><br></font></p><p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt 22.5pt"><font face="times new roman, serif"><br></font></p><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">-------------</font></div><div><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada</font></div><div><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Assistant Professor, Indigenous Language Sustainability</font></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(11,83,148)">Chair, </span><a href="https://www.linguisticsociety.org/about/who-we-are/committees/endangered-languages-and-their-preservation-celp" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank">LSA Committee on Endangered Languages and their Preservation</a><br></div><div><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1"><br></font></div><div><font color="#0b5394" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">4-22 Assiniboia Hall</font></div><div><font color="#0b5394" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">Department of Linguistics, </font><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(11,83,148)">University of Alberta</span><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1"><br></font></div><div><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Tel: (+1) 780-492-5698</font></div><div><div><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">Email: <a href="mailto:jrosesla@ualberta.ca" target="_blank">jrosesla@ualberta.ca</a> </font></div><div><font color="#0b5394" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1"><span style="background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial"><font color="#0b5394"><b>The University of Alberta acknowledges that we are located on Treaty 6 territory, </b></font></span><b style="color:rgb(11,83,148)">and respects the history, languages, and cultures of the First Nations, Métis, Inuit, </b></font><b style="color:rgb(11,83,148)"><font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" size="1">and all First Peoples of Canada, whose presence continues to enrich our institution.</font><br></b></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, May 13, 2019 at 3:15 AM Nurmio, Silva M <<a href="mailto:silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi">silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">




<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>Dear all,</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>I’m looking for data on singulatives and I’m writing to ask for your help in tracking down more instances of this phenomenon. There is so far no comprehensive list of singulatives in the world’s languages that’s informed
 by an operational definition of what constitutes a singulative, and my aim is to produce such a database.
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>My working definition of the singulative is that it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating
 marker. Bases for singulatives tend to be mass nouns, plurals, collectives of different kinds, general number forms, and sometimes non-nominal bases like adjectives. Here are four examples of different types of singulatives under my definition:</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic): <i>lúban</i> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative
<i>lúban-titi </i>‘a lion’</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>(2) Russian (Indo-European) <i>gorox</i> ‘pea(s)’ (mass), singulative
<i>goroš-ina</i> ‘a pea’</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>(3) Italian (Indo-European) <i>cioccolato</i> ’chocolate’ (mass), singulative
<i>cioccolat-ino</i> ’a chocolate praline, chocolate sweet’</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>(4) Welsh (Indo-European) <i>unigol</i> ‘individual’ (adjective), singulative
<i>unigol-yn</i> ‘an individual’</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>These examples show that singulatives occur in different number systems, and they can be productive or unproductive (like the Russian -<i>ina</i> suffix). I also include diminutive markers which have a singulative function,
 as seen in (3) (Jurafsky 1996 calls this the ’partitive’ function of diminutives). Forms that are singulatives are often not described as such in grammars (especially types 3 and 4), making them harder to find. I am also including singulatives in older language
 stages which have since been lost (e.g. Old Irish).</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>Below is a list of languages (alphabetical order) on which I already have data. I would be very grateful for any pointers to grammars, language descriptions or other mentions of singulatives in languages which are not on
 the list, or if you think there are sources for any of the already listed languages that I’m likely to have missed.
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>Thank you very much in advance!</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>Best wishes,</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span>Silva Nurmio</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Aari</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Akkadian</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Arabic (several dialects)</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Arbore</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Baiso/Bayso</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Baule</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Berber</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Bidyogo</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Bora</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Breton</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Burushaski</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Cantonese</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Cornish</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Dagaare</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Dutch</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Enets (Forest Enets and Tundra
 Enets)</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Ewe</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Fox</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Gede'o</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Hebrew</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Imonda</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Italian</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Itelmen</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Kambaata</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Kiowa</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Krongo
</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Majang</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Maltese</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Marle (Murle)</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Masa</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Miraña</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Nafusi</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Nahuatl (all dialects?)</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Ojibwe (all dialects?)</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Old Irish</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Oromo (Borana dialect)</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Resígaro</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Russian</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Shilluk</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Shona</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Sidamo</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Swahili</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Tariana</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Tewa</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Tigre</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Tiwa</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Towa</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Turkana</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Ukrainian</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span style="color:black">Welsh</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span>Yiddish</span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;line-height:normal">
<span>Zulu</span></p>
<br>
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Dr Silva Nurmio</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px">
</p>
<div>Research Fellow<br>
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies<br>
Fabianinkatu 24 (P.O. Box 4)<br>
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div><a href="https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio" class="gmail-m_-8534742022088349659OWAAutoLink" target="_blank"></a><span class="gmail-m_-8534742022088349659OWAAutoLink"><a href="https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio" target="_blank">https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio</a></span></div>
<div><span class="gmail-m_-8534742022088349659OWAAutoLink"></span><a href="http://helsinki.academia.edu/SilvaNurmio" class="gmail-m_-8534742022088349659OWAAutoLink" target="_blank"></a><br>
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