<div dir="ltr"><div>Hi all,</div><div><br></div><div>This discussion made me curious about what in historical linguistics is typically considered to be back-formation - where does it fit in to the present discussion?</div><div><br></div><div>In Hebrew, for example, <i>spageti </i>is generally a mass noun, but one can say "Hey, you missed a <i>spaget</i>." You also find from <i>bamba</i>, a peanut-flavored snack (and a mass noun), the form <i>bamb</i> 'a single <i>bamba</i>,' and a few others. Such examples have a jocular flavor, but speakers use them and understand them.</div><div><br></div><div>These don't have an overt marker for the singulative, but rather involve subtracting some part of the ending. Interestingly, these forms can be created even when there is an existing singular, so <i>adaʃa </i>'lentil' vs. <i>adaʃim </i>'lentils' vs. <i>adaʃ </i>'a single lentil.'
</div><div><br></div><div>Eitan</div><div><br></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, May 13, 2019 at 3:34 PM Östen Dahl <<a href="mailto:oesten@ling.su.se" target="_blank">oesten@ling.su.se</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Dear all,
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US">Like the Italian examples, Russian
<i>goroš-ina</i> ‘a pea’ (from the mass noun <i>gorox</i>) is a regular count noun with a plural (<i>goroš-iny</i>) although it is not a diminutive. So there is a difference between singulatives and derivational processes that create count nouns. A better Russian
example would be the suffix <i>-in</i> as in <i>graždan-in</i> ‘citizen’ or <i>rimljan-in</i> ‘Roman’ which disappears in the plural:
<i>graždan-e</i> and <i>rimljan-e</i>. Notice that these words get the normal case endings in the singular after the -<i>in</i> suffix, e.g. genitive
<i>graždan-in-a, </i>so they are different from examples like Latin <i>hortus</i> that Martin Haspelmath mentioned.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Östen<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Från:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
<b>För </b>Paolo Ramat<br>
<b>Skickat:</b> den 13 maj 2019 13:27<br>
<b>Till:</b> 'Nurmio, Silva M' <<a href="mailto:silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi" target="_blank">silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi</a>>; <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Ämne:</b> [Lingtyp] R: Query: looking for singulatives<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">Dear Silva,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">note that
<i>cioccolat-ino</i> is ‘per se’ a diminutive which may eventually assume the singulative function, like
<i>pasticcio</i> ‘cake, pie’ </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="IT">à</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="IT">
</span><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">pasticc</span></i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">-<i>ino</i>
‘petit-four’ or <i>focaccia </i>‘bun’ </span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">à</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">
<i>focacc-ina</i> ‘little bun’. All these lexemes have a plural: <i>cioccolatini, pasticcini,focaccine</i>, so that the singulative function of
<i>– ino / -ina</i> looks dubious. I think that the Russian case is very different from the Italian one.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">As for the interesting example of Helmut H.:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB">“</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">On
the surface at least, rice is [+count] in Danish (<i>ris</i>) and [-count] in German (<i>Reis</i>). So in a recipe, you would cook ‚the rices‘ (<i>risene</i>) in Danish and ‚the rice‘ (<i>den Reis</i>) in German.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">On the other hand, with spaghetti it is the other way round: Danish
<i>spaghetti</i> is singular and [-count], while German <i>Spaghetti</i> is a <i>
plurale tantum</i> (hence inherently [+count]). <u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">I am not aware of a singulative in either language to refer to a single piece of spaghetti, while for a single grain of
rice, you can say <i>Reiskorn</i> in German (which is, of course, a lexical singulative) but strangely enough also
<i>riskorn</i> (not <i>en ris</i>) in Danish”<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">You may have in Italian
<i>il riso </i>(mass noun) and <i>I risi</i> if you are speaking of different rice qualities, whereas
<i>spaghetti</i> (plur.) is the usual, unmarked form; but you can have even <i>uno spaghetto
</i>when, for instance in preparing your spaghetti dish you say <i>‘uno spaghetto has fallen down’
</i>. On the contrary, it is impossible to say<i> *un riso </i>meaning<i> a Reiskorn </i>i.e.<i> un chicco di riso
</i>(a lexical singulative).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Best,<u></u><u></u></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US">Paolo<u></u><u></u></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-US"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)" lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></i></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT">Da:</span></b><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT"> Lingtyp [</span><a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT">]
<b>Per conto di </b>Nurmio, Silva M<br>
<b>Inviato:</b> lunedì 13 maggio 2019 09:15<br>
<b>A:</b> </span><a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</span></a><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="IT"><br>
<b>Oggetto:</b> [Lingtyp] Query: looking for singulatives<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="IT"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Dear all,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">I’m looking for data on singulatives and I’m writing to ask for your help in tracking down more instances of this phenomenon. There is so far no comprehensive list of singulatives
in the world’s languages that’s informed by an operational definition of what constitutes a singulative, and my aim is to produce such a database.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">My working definition of the singulative is that it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added
to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating marker. Bases for singulatives tend to be mass nouns, plurals, collectives of different kinds, general number forms, and sometimes non-nominal bases like adjectives. Here are four examples of different types
of singulatives under my definition:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic):
<i>lúban</i> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative <i>lúban-titi </i>‘a lion’<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">(2) Russian (Indo-European)
<i>gorox</i> ‘pea(s)’ (mass), singulative <i>goroš-ina</i> ‘a pea’<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="IT">(3) Italian (Indo-European)
<i>cioccolato</i> ’chocolate’ (mass), singulative <i>cioccolat-ino</i> ’a chocolate praline, chocolate sweet’<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">(4) Welsh (Indo-European)
<i>unigol</i> ‘individual’ (adjective), singulative <i>unigol-yn</i> ‘an individual’<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">These examples show that singulatives occur in different number systems, and they can be productive or unproductive (like the Russian -<i>ina</i> suffix). I also include
diminutive markers which have a singulative function, as seen in (3) (Jurafsky 1996 calls this the ’partitive’ function of diminutives). Forms that are singulatives are often not described as such in grammars (especially types 3 and 4), making them harder
to find. I am also including singulatives in older language stages which have since been lost (e.g. Old Irish).<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Below is a list of languages (alphabetical order) on which I already have data. I would be very grateful for any pointers to grammars, language descriptions or other mentions
of singulatives in languages which are not on the list, or if you think there are sources for any of the already listed languages that I’m likely to have missed.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Thank you very much in advance!<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:8pt;line-height:105%"><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Silva Nurmio<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Aari</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Akkadian</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Arabic (several dialects)</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">Arbore</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">Baiso/Bayso</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">Baule</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">Berber</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US">Bidyogo</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-US"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Bora</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Breton</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Burushaski</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Cantonese</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Cornish</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Dagaare</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Dutch</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Enets (Forest Enets and Tundra Enets)</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Ewe</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Fox</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Gede'o</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Hebrew</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="IT">Imonda</span><span style="color:black" lang="IT"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Italian</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Itelmen</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Kambaata</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Kiowa</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Krongo </span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Majang</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="FR">Maltese</span><span style="color:black" lang="FR"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="FR">Marle (Murle)</span><span style="color:black" lang="FR"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="FR">Masa</span><span style="color:black" lang="FR"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="ES">Miraña</span><span style="color:black" lang="ES"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="ES">Nafusi</span><span style="color:black" lang="ES"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="ES">Nahuatl (all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black" lang="ES"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Ojibwe (all dialects?)</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Old Irish</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Oromo (Borana dialect)</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Resígaro</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Russian</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Shilluk</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Shona</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Sidamo</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB">Swahili</span><span style="color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Tariana</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Tewa</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Tigre</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Tiwa</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Towa</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Turkana</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Ukrainian</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Welsh</span><span style="color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Yiddish<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p><span style="color:black">Zulu<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<p><span style="color:black">Dr Silva Nurmio<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB">Research Fellow<br>
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies<br>
Fabianinkatu 24 (P.O. Box 4)<br>
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/portal/en/person/sinurmio</span></a><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:black" lang="EN-GB"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:windowtext"><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;text-decoration:none"><img style="width: 0.4791in; height: 0.302in;" id="gmail-m_5034328291462522910gmail-m_-7522891747173841752gmail-m_4332825805727481864_x0000_i1025" src="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" alt="https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-round-orange-animated-no-repeat-v1.gif" width="46" height="29" border="0"></span></a></span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.5pt"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:rgb(65,66,78)">Mail priva di virus.
</span><span style="color:windowtext"><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:rgb(68,83,234)">www.avast.com</span></a></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:rgb(65,66,78)">
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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