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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus"">Dear Silva,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus"">There is an enclitic in Chitimacha (isolate; Louisiana) which may be of interest, although it's not entirely clear whether it would fall under your definition of a singulative. I think it would be
worth considering whether examples of this type belong under the category of singulative as well, and if not, what distinguishes them from singulatives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus"">Swadesh (1939a: 131-132) states that the suffix
<i>‑(n)kʼiš</i> may mean:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:middle">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">'no one, nothing else'; 'only, just'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:middle">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">(with pronouns) 'alone, unaccompanied, unaided'<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;vertical-align:middle">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">(with numerals) enumerated, individuated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">With the exception of a handful of animate nouns, Chitimacha does not otherwise distinguish singular and plural nouns.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">Some examples of each of the functions in use:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">ʔiš=kʼiš<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">we<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">šaː<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">niši<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">kaːkw-iki-n<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">1SG=SING<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">DET<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">mouth<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">speech<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">know-1SG.AGT-CONT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:27.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">I am the only one who knows the language (Swadesh 1939b: A10j.5)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:27.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo3;vertical-align:middle">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">hus=kʼiš<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">hiː<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">kap<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">paːkini-ːkʼ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">3SG=SING<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">COP<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">STAT<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">be.tired-SS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:27.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">tired of being alone (Swadesh 1939b: A12a.5)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-left:27.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:27.0pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo4;vertical-align:middle">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">kič=kʼiš<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">meša-nk<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">waːč-mi-ːkʼ<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">woman(PL)=SING<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">four-ABS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">marry-PLACT-SS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="margin-left:27.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">he had married four women (Swadesh 1939b: A37b.1)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">References</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:27.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:middle">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">Swadesh, Morris. 1939a. Chitimacha grammar. In
<i>Chitimacha grammar, texts, and vocabulary</i> (American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages Mss.497.3.B63c G6.5). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:6.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:27.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo5;vertical-align:middle">
<![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:black"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Gentium Plus";color:black">Swadesh, Morris. 1939b. Chitimacha texts. In
<i>Chitimacha grammar, texts, and vocabulary</i> (American Council of Learned Societies Committee on Native American Languages Mss.497.3.B63c G6.5). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Daniel W. Hieber<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ph.D. Candidate in Linguistics<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">University of California, Santa Barbara<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://danielhieber.com">danielhieber.com</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<hr style="display:inline-block;width:98%" tabindex="-1">
<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Nurmio, Silva M <silva.nurmio@helsinki.fi><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, May 13, 2019 2:15:14 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Lingtyp] Query: looking for singulatives</font>
<div> </div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Dear all,</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB"><br>
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">I’m looking for data on singulatives and I’m writing to ask for your help in tracking down more instances of this phenomenon. There is so far no comprehensive list of singulatives in the world’s languages that’s informed
by an operational definition of what constitutes a singulative, and my aim is to produce such a database.
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">My working definition of the singulative is that it is a noun form with any marker (inflectional or derivational) that creates a meaning ‘one’ or ‘(one) unit’ when added to a base, i.e. a singulativizing and individuating
marker. Bases for singulatives tend to be mass nouns, plurals, collectives of different kinds, general number forms, and sometimes non-nominal bases like adjectives. Here are four examples of different types of singulatives under my definition:</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(1) Bayso (Afro-Asiatic): <i>lúban</i> ‘lion(s)’ (general number), singulative
<i>lúban-titi </i>‘a lion’</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(2) Russian (Indo-European) <i>gorox</i> ‘pea(s)’ (mass), singulative
<i>goroš-ina</i> ‘a pea’</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(3) Italian (Indo-European) <i>cioccolato</i> ’chocolate’ (mass), singulative
<i>cioccolat-ino</i> ’a chocolate praline, chocolate sweet’</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">(4) Welsh (Indo-European) <i>unigol</i> ‘individual’ (adjective), singulative
<i>unigol-yn</i> ‘an individual’</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">These examples show that singulatives occur in different number systems, and they can be productive or unproductive (like the Russian -<i>ina</i> suffix). I also include diminutive markers which have a singulative function,
as seen in (3) (Jurafsky 1996 calls this the ’partitive’ function of diminutives). Forms that are singulatives are often not described as such in grammars (especially types 3 and 4), making them harder to find. I am also including singulatives in older language
stages which have since been lost (e.g. Old Irish).</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Below is a list of languages (alphabetical order) on which I already have data. I would be very grateful for any pointers to grammars, language descriptions or other mentions of singulatives in languages which are not on
the list, or if you think there are sources for any of the already listed languages that I’m likely to have missed.
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Thank you very much in advance!</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Best wishes,</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Silva Nurmio</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Aari</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Akkadian</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Arabic (several dialects)</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Arbore</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Baiso/Bayso</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Baule</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Berber</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Bidyogo</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Bora</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Breton</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Burushaski</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Cantonese</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Cornish</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Dagaare</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Dutch</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Enets (Forest Enets and Tundra
Enets)</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Ewe</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Fox</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Gede'o</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Hebrew</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Imonda</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Italian</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Itelmen</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Kambaata</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Kiowa</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Krongo
</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Majang</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Maltese</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Marle (Murle)</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Masa</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Miraña</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Nafusi</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Nahuatl (all dialects?)</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Ojibwe (all dialects?)</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Old Irish</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Oromo (Borana dialect)</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Resígaro</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Russian</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Shilluk</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Shona</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Sidamo</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Swahili</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Tariana</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Tewa</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Tigre</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Tiwa</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Towa</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Turkana</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Ukrainian</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:
EN-GB">Welsh</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Yiddish</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height: 107%; font-size: 11pt; font-family: "Calibri", sans-serif;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
normal">
<span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB">Zulu</span></p>
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Dr Silva Nurmio</p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0">
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<div>Research Fellow<br>
Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies<br>
Fabianinkatu 24 (P.O. Box 4)<br>
00014 University of Helsinki, Finland</div>
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