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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Bill Palmer's proposed use of "grammaticized" in fact comes close to the way the term "grammatiCALized" is sometimes used in the literature. For instance, in Bernard Comrie's book "Aspect"
from 1976, he speaks of the distinction between time and tense, saying: “there is the semantic concept of time reference (absolute or relative), which may be grammaticalized in a language, i.e. a language may have a grammatical category that expresses time
reference, in which case we say that the language has tenses” (page 7). Thus, a concept is grammaticalized if there is a grammatical category that expresses it. In a corresponding way, a concept may be lexicalized, which means that there is a lexical item
that expresses it. If the terms are used this way, one does not have to assume that there was ever a diachronic stage where the concept was not grammaticalized or lexicalized. Consider Comrie's formulation “probably all languages can lexicalise time reference”
(ibid.), by which he plausibly means "probably all languages have lexical means to express time reference". Grammaticalization and lexicalization are understood only metaphorically as processes, with languages as agents. Similarly, John Lyons says in "Semantics"
(1977, I:234): “Different languages make a different selection, as it were, from the set of possible distinctions that could be made and *grammaticalize them (i.e. make them grammatically functional) in terms of such categories as tense, number, gender, case…”
(The asterisk indicates that Lyons introduces a new term here.) - Briefly, Comrie's and Lyons' concept is in practice purely synchronic and does not presuppose actual change.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">But I am not sure if this is also what John DuBois means when he speaks of "functionally motivated patterns that arise in synchronic language use (discourse profiles), defining the environment
to which grammars adapt via emergence". I find it a bit problematic that these patterns are synchronic but still "arise" when languages "adapt" - that would seem to suggest that they are the result of change? Or are these patterns rather the universal base
for diachronic processes? But how are they then grammatical? And how does all this apply to Bill's example of 'hear' grammaticalizing as an evidential marker?
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">- östen<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">(some overlap with Paolo’s simultaneous posting maybe)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Från:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>För </b>paolo Ramat<br>
<b>Skickat:</b> den 9 juni 2019 17:35<br>
<b>Till:</b> Joan Bybee <joan.bybee@gmail.com><br>
<b>Kopia:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Ämne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] grammaticalized v grammaticized<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Somewhere I wrote (I don't remember where) that ALL terms ending by -<i>ization</i> refer to a process (<i>democratization
</i>is obviously different from <i>democracy</i>). We can accept the difference between 'grammati(ci)zation' as referring to synchrony and 'grammaticalization' as referring to diachrony Though I agree with Nigel in using just
<i>grammaticalization</i>). Note however that even the grammaticized construct <i>
"I heard [X happen]</i> (Du Bois' example) entails the change of the verb 'hear' in an evidential marker, i.e. it entails a process from "hear 1" to "hear 2". There is always a 'prius' and a 'post' --even in a synchronic approach.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Paolo<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">...............................................<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> Università di Pavia (retired)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Istituto Universitario Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">'Academia Europaea'<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">##39 0382 27027<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">347 044 98 44<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Il giorno dom 9 giu 2019 alle ore 16:55 Joan Bybee <<a href="mailto:joan.bybee@gmail.com" target="_blank">joan.bybee@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Taking the two terms to be synonymous, I preferred 'grammaticization' at first and thought others did, too. However, after many years of teaching courses on the subject, my non-native speaker students convinced me to switch to 'grammaticalization'
(which had become more prevalent by then) because it is easier for them to pronounce! Purely practical, not theoretical.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Joan<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Sun, Jun 9, 2019 at 6:58 AM Nigel Vincent <<a href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk" target="_blank">nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">I think usage here is probably often based on individual choice. I have always avoided the term 'grammaticization' and have preferred 'grammaticalization' in the
diachronic sense and I would avoid both in the synchronic sense. By contrast, Joan Bybee generally uses 'grammaticization' in the diachronic sense (except in her chapter in The Oxford Handbook of Grammaticalization!), and even refers to it as the 'more elegant'
term in her book with Perkins and Pagliuca 'The Evolution of Grammar' - see p.4, footnote 2, an aesthetic judgement with which I would personally disagree!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">And with apologies for self-promotion, I briefly discuss the interesting and important issue that Bernhard raises about semantic change affecting technical metalanguage
in §6 of my article 'Conative' in 'Linguistic Typology 17 (2013) 269-289.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">Best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">Nigel<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">The University of Manchester<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"><a href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html" target="_blank">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"> Lingtyp [<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]
on behalf of Bernhard Wälchli [<a href="mailto:bernhard@ling.su.se" target="_blank">bernhard@ling.su.se</a>]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, June 09, 2019 12:55 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> John Du Bois; Bill Palmer<br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] grammaticalized v grammaticized</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">As suggested by Dan, this discussion seems to be a very nice case of Michel Bréal’s Loi de répartition (based on earlier work by Gilliéron): synonyms do not last for a long time, either they acquire
different meanings or one of the terms disappears. Similar points have been made in psycholinguistics and first language acquisition, among other things by Eve Clark.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Can we conclude from this that metalanguage for describing language change is subject to language change in the very same way as everything else in language?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Bréal, Michel. 1897. Essai de sémantique. Science des significations. Paris: Hachette.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Clark, Eve V. 1988. On the logic of contrast. Journal of Child Language 15.317–335.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Gilliéron, Jules. 1880. Patois de la commune de Vionnaz (Bas-Valais). Paris: F. Vieweg. (= Bibliothèque de l’école des hautes études. Sciences philologique et historiques; Fasc. 40). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Bernhard Wälchli<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:black">From:</span></b><span style="color:black"> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of John Du Bois <<a href="mailto:dubois@ucsb.edu" target="_blank">dubois@ucsb.edu</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, June 9, 2019 1:15:37 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Bill Palmer<br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] grammaticalized v grammaticized</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">This distinction accords well with how many people use the two terms, I think.
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">The study of grammaticization focuses on functionally motivated patterns that arise in synchronic language use (discourse profiles), defining the environment
to which grammars adapt via emergence.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Grammaticalization focuses on the historical processes that create new grammar, driven by the discourse profiles plus additional principles intrinsic to cultural
evolution and historical change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">The two are closely intertwined, of course. A key task for functional linguistics is to clarify how they interact to provide an explanation for why grammars
are as they are.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">John<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">==============================<br>
John W. Du Bois<br>
Professor of Linguistics <br>
University of California, Santa Barbara<br>
Santa Barbara, California 93106<br>
USA<br>
<a href="mailto:dubois@ucsb.edu" target="_blank">dubois@ucsb.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">On Sat, Jun 8, 2019, 9:11 PM Bill Palmer <<a href="mailto:bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au" target="_blank">bill.palmer@newcastle.edu.au</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black">Dear all<br>
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Juergen's email prompts me to ask a question I'd be interested to get people's thoughts on.<br>
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What is the relationship between the terms grammaticalized and grammaticized? I use them to refer to different things, but I don’t know to what extent my usage corresponds to others' understandings.<br>
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I use grammaticized to refer to a synchronic situation, and grammaticalized to refer to a diachronic process. For example, I would say that the category of auditory evidentiality ("I heard [X happen]") is grammaticized in language X, meaning that the category
is expressed in the language by a grammatical form; and I would say that the verb 'hear' has grammaticalized as an evidential marker in language X, meaning that a form with a lexical meaning has developed into a grammatical marker of some kind.<br>
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Does this accord with anyone else's understanding of these terms? Apologies if there's some obvious literature on this I have missed.<br>
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Best<br>
Bill Palmer<br>
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-----Original Message-----<br>
From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> On Behalf Of Bohnemeyer, Juergen<br>
Sent: Saturday, 8 June 2019 12:26 AM<br>
To: David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>><br>
Cc: Stephanie Evers <<a href="mailto:saevers@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">saevers@buffalo.edu</a>>;
<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Glossed corpora of languages w/o grammaticalized definiteness marking<br>
<br>
Dear David — Good point! We use ‘definiteness’ to denote a variety of similar language-specific semantic categories that characterize the discourse status of a nominal in terms of its referent being discourse-old, previously mentioned (etc.), and/or otherwise
uniquely identifiable to the interlocutors. Since unique identifiability may be conferred by the speech situation, we require that candidate devices not be restricted to exophoric (spatial) reference in their regular uses.
<br>
<br>
What we mean by ‘grammaticalized’ is that the language has a particle, function word, or inflection that is routinely used by the speakers of the language to express the semantic category in question. For illustration, I would assume (perhaps wrongly so) that
it is possible in any language to use demonstratives to indicate ‘definiteness’, including in Russian - but Russian speakers, so far as I know (and so far as Stephanie Evers, the student working on this project, was able to show in her Qualifying Paper), do
not regularly use demonstratives for this purpose, at least not unless they wish to place contrastive narrow focus on the nominal in question.<br>
<br>
Why the restriction to particles, function words, and inflections? Well, it is hard for me to see how expressions that are for all intents and purposes regular content words could be used to indicate the ‘definiteness’ of another expression. But, the ultimate
goal of the project is to test hypotheses about the conditions under which dedicated definiteness marking emerges vs. does not emerge in a language (family) or area. So if such borderline cases exist, I suppose they would in fact be of great interest to the
project, even if they do not meet the criteria laid out above.<br>
<br>
Best — Juergen<br>
<br>
> On Jun 7, 2019, at 1:32 AM, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br>
> <br>
> Dear Juergen,<br>
> <br>
> Ian Joo mentioned our Indonesian corpus; a better way of accessing a more complete version is described at
<a href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/28/28-2007.html" target="_blank">https://linguistlist.org/issues/28/28-2007.html</a>.<br>
> <br>
> However, I am puzzled by your criteria, specifically by the notion of "grammaticalized definiteness (marking)", and a bit surprised nobody so far in this thread has picked up on it.<br>
> <br>
> Both terms are problematic, as can be exemplified via Indonesian. "Definiteness": well, Indonesian has a couple of nominal markers, =nya and itu, that are sometimes described as marking definiteness, though I believe that they are more appropriately analyzed
otherwise, namely as marking possession/association and deixis respectively. So does Indonesian fail to meet criterion 1, or does it in fact offer a nice example of "alternative strategies" for marking definiteness? Depends on your analysis.<br>
> <br>
> Then there's the notion of "grammaticalized": what does it mean to say that =nya and itu are grammaticalized? The former marker, =nya, exhibits some properties that suggest that it might be a clitic, but otherwise, these markers would seem to exhibit grammatical
behaviour similar to most other content words in the language. So are they "grammaticalized"? Well it depends on what you mean by "grammaticalized".<br>
> <br>
> I use Indonesian here merely as an illustration; similar issues arise in very many other languages.<br>
> <br>
> Best,<br>
> <br>
> David<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> On 06/06/2019 22:02, Bohnemeyer, Juergen wrote:<br>
>> Dear colleagues — An advisee of mine is looking for glossed texts to investigate the use of strategies alternative to grammaticalized definiteness marking. Basically, she’s trying to identify about half a dozen genealogically and areally unrelated languages
each of which meets all of the following criteria:<br>
>> <br>
>> 1. The language lacks grammaticalized definiteness marking. <br>
>> <br>
>> 2. A text or corpus of texts is available for the language that has Leipzig-standard interlinear glosses and translations in English or Spanish.<br>
>> <br>
>> 3. The text (corpus) comprises at least about 1000 clauses, but ideally twice that or more.<br>
>> <br>
>> 4. The individual texts should be long-ish and their referring expressions shouldn’t be predominately proper names.
<br>
>> <br>
>> If you’re aware of a language so resourced, please let me know!<br>
>> <br>
>> Many thanks! — Juergen<br>
>> <br>
>> <br>
>> Juergen Bohnemeyer, Professor and Director of Graduate Studies <br>
>> Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science University <br>
>> at Buffalo<br>
>> <br>
>> Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus * Mailing address: 609 Baldy <br>
>> Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260<br>
>> Phone: (716) 645 0127<br>
>> Fax: (716) 645 3825 * Email: <br>
>> <a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a> * Web: <a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" target="_blank">
http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</a><br>
>> <br>
>> <br>
>> Office hours M 12:30 – 1:30pm / W 1:00 – 1:50 / F 12:30 – 1:50pm<br>
>> <br>
>> <br>
>> There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In (Leonard <br>
>> Cohen)<br>
>> <br>
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> <br>
> --<br>
> David Gil<br>
> <br>
> Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution Max Planck Institute <br>
> for the Science of Human History Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, <br>
> Germany<br>
> <br>
> Email: <br>
> <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a><br>
> <br>
> Office Phone (Germany): +49-3641686834 Mobile Phone (Indonesia): <br>
> +62-81281162816<br>
> <br>
> <br>
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<br>
Juergen Bohnemeyer, Professor and Director of Graduate Studies Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science University at Buffalo
<br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus * Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260<br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127<br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825 * Email: <a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a> * Web:
<a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" target="_blank">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</a>
<br>
<br>
Office hours M 12:30 – 1:30pm / W 1:00 – 1:50 / F 12:30 – 1:50pm<br>
<br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In (Leonard Cohen)<br>
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