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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">There are quite a lot of languages in which the focus marker is the copula or a development from it. I wrote about this in Hausa in my Ph.D thesis long ago:</p>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span lang="EN-US">1973 </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Ph.D. awarded by SOAS, University of London, for thesis</span></p>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US">Cleft
sentences in Hausa? A syntactic study of focus</span></i></div>
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mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<div><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US">Pat
McConvell</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
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"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA" lang="EN-US"><br>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Kilu von Prince <kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, 1 August 2019 5:23 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Frederick J Newmeyer <fjn@uw.edu><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG> <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions</font>
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<div dir="ltr">Hi Frederick,
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<div>the Chinese copula is an obvious candidate. I'm shamelessly self-promoting the article I wrote about its semantics in both functions, see attached.</div>
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<div>All the best,</div>
<div>Kilu</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">On Thu, Aug 1, 2019 at 1:09 AM Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" id="LPlnk619796" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">fjn@uw.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
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<font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Dear Lingtyp,<span></span></span></font></p>
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<font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">I am looking for examples where topic markers or focus markers in some language are clearly members of some broad morphosyntactic category.<span></span></span></font></p>
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<font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Let me give an example involving negatives of the sort of thing that I am looking for. Negative elements in various languages are often members of a broader category: in Estonian negative particles
are auxiliaries, in Tongan they are complement-taking verbs, in English they are adverbs, and so on.<span></span></span></font></p>
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<font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">So what I am looking for are parallel examples with topic and focus markers: cases where a reasonable analysis would assign them to some broader category.<span></span></span></font></p>
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<font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Thanks,<span></span></span></font></p>
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<font size="4"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">Fritz<span></span></span></font></p>
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<div><font size="4"><br>
Frederick J. Newmeyer<br>
Professor Emeritus, University of Washington<br>
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<font size="4">Adjunct Professor, U of British Columbia and Simon Fraser U</font><br>
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<div>Dr. Kilu von Prince<br>
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<a href="http://kiluvonprince.de/" target="_blank" id="LPlnk71573" class="OWAAutoLink" previewremoved="true">http://kiluvonprince.de/</a><br>
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin<br>
Dorotheenstraße 24</div>
<div>Raum 3.410<br>
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<div>10099 Berlin</div>
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