<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear Fritz,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">In some Kwa languages, what has been called a focus marker can be shown to be a clausal coordinator/complementizer.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Akan</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Manu nyaa sika na osii dan</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Manu get.PST money CONJ 3SG.buy.PST house</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">‘Manu got money and he built a house.’</div></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Manu na onyaa sika</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">Manu FM 3SG.get.PST money</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class="">'It was Manu who got money.'</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;" class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Ga — ni</div><div class="">Dangme — nɛ</div><div class="">Lelemi — na</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Here are a few references:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div>Fiedler, I.& A. Schwarz (2005). Out-of-focus Encoding in Gur and Kwa. In: Ishihara, S., M. Schmitz and A.<br class="">Schwarz (eds.): Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure 03, 111-142. Potsdam: Potsdam<br class="">University.<div class=""><br class="">Fiedler, I.& A. Schwarz (2008). Focus or Narrative Construction? In: Aboh, E., K. Hartmann & M. Zimmermann (eds.),<br class=""><div class="">Focus Strategies: Evidence from African Languages, Berlin: de Gruyter. Fiedler & Schwarz (2005, 2008) for more examples.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Duah, Reginald Akuoko (2019). <a href="https://www.dropbox.com/s/kzuph3bsswtazeg/Seminar-Potsdam.pdf?dl=0" class="">Coordination, tense, focus and the road in between: the case of the particle na in Akan</a>. Synsem Colloquium, Potsdam University.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Best regards,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">/reggie.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Dr. R. Akuoko Duah<br class="">------<br class="">Department of Linguistics<br class="">School of Languages<br class="">University of Ghana, Legon<br class="">Alternative <a href="mailto:reggieduah@gmail.com" class="">email: reggieduah@gmail.com</a><br class=""><a href="http://www.ug.edu.gh/linguistics/staff/duah" class="">www.ug.edu.gh/linguistics/staff/duah</a><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""> <br class="">
<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 1. Aug 2019, at 1:08 AM, Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" class="">fjn@uw.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Palatino",serif"><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class="">
</span></font></p><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: Palatino, serif;" class=""><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class="">Dear Lingtyp,<span class=""></span></span></font></div><font size="4" class="">
</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Palatino",serif"><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class=""><span class=""> </span></span></font></p><font size="4" class="">
</font><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: Palatino, serif;" class=""><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class="">I am looking for examples where topic markers or focus
markers in some language are clearly members of some broad morphosyntactic
category.<span class=""></span></span></font></div><font size="4" class="">
</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Palatino",serif"><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class=""><span class=""> </span></span></font></p><font size="4" class="">
</font><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: Palatino, serif;" class=""><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class="">Let me give an example involving negatives of the sort of thing
that I am looking for. Negative elements in various languages are often members
of a broader category: in Estonian negative particles are auxiliaries, in
Tongan they are complement-taking verbs, in English they are adverbs, and so
on.<span class=""></span></span></font></div><font size="4" class="">
</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Palatino",serif"><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class=""><span class=""> </span></span></font></p><font size="4" class="">
</font><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: Palatino, serif;" class=""><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class="">So what I am looking for are parallel examples with topic and
focus markers: cases where a reasonable analysis would assign them to some
broader category.<span class=""></span></span></font></div><font size="4" class="">
</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Palatino",serif"><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class=""><span class=""> </span></span></font></p><font size="4" class=""></font><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: Palatino, serif;" class=""><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class="">Thanks,<span class=""></span></span></font></div><font size="4" class="">
</font><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-family:"Palatino",serif"><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class=""><span class=""> </span></span></font></p><font size="4" class="">
</font><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-family: Palatino, serif;" class=""><font size="4" class=""><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif" class="">Fritz<span class=""></span></span></font></div><font size="4" class="">
</font><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class=""><font size="4" class=""><br class="">Frederick J. Newmeyer<br class="">Professor Emeritus, University of Washington<br class=""></font></div><font size="4" class="">Adjunct Professor, U of British Columbia and Simon Fraser U</font><br class=""></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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