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<div>Quite apart from the problems of defining focus (on which I'm less sceptical than the sources Eitan cites), in some of the categories that have been cited the literature as focus markers the question arises whether they really *mark* focus, or are rather
(i) attracted to a focused constituent, or (ii) focus plays a role in their distribution.</div>
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<div>Regarding (i), I'm not a Quechuanist, but have had discussions with colleagues who are, and it is by no means clear that everyone considers evidentials in these languages as also marking focus, rather than as attaching to the focused constituent.</div>
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<div>Regarding (ii), I have worked on "optional" ergativity, and would not consider ergative marking associated with focus as "marking" focus. In any of the types of "classical" split ergative system, with a split, say, between humans and non-humans, or non-past
and past, we would not consider the ergative case as a marker of the categories of "non-human" or "past" – either because there is a clear segmental marking already (past), or because there is no marking of the category at all outside agents (non-human). So
if ergative case only occurs on focused agents (at least probabilistically – such systems often don't seem to be entirely categorical), recognisable as focused through prosody and context,<span style="font-size: 14pt;"> why would we consider the ergative as
a focus marker?</span></div>
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<div><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Eva</span></div>
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<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">Eva Schultze-Berndt</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">Professor of Linguistics</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">Linguistics and English Language</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">School of Arts, Languages and Cultures</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">The University of Manchester</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">Oxford Road</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">M13 9PL</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">Manchester, UK</span></div>
<div style="font-size:13px; font-family:Tahoma"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium">E-mail: eva.schultze-berndt@manchester.ac.uk</span></div>
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<div id="divRpF650056" style="direction: ltr;"><font face="Tahoma" size="2" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp [lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org] on behalf of Eitan Grossman [eitan.grossman@mail.huji.ac.il]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 02 August 2019 11:33<br>
<b>To:</b> John Du Bois<br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions<br>
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<div dir="ltr"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Hi all,</font>
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<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">The term 'focus marker,' whatever its definition, assumes (i) that we know what focus is and (ii) that there are markers that *code* this particular meaning or function.</font></div>
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<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">There is some recent work on information structure that calls these two assumptions into question, suggesting instead that 'focus' is a secondary or epiphenomenal effect associated with items and constructions whose coded
meanings are interactional and discursive in nature. The same reasoning has been applied to 'topic' and other notions fundamental to the study of information structure.</font></div>
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<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">I am thinking in particular by work by Dejan Matić, Daniel Wedgewood, and Pavel Ozerov, such as the following and others cited therein. </font></div>
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</font></div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">Matić, Dejan, and Daniel Wedgwood. 2013. The Meanings of Focus: The Significance of an Interpretation-Based Category in Cross-Linguistic Analysis. <i>Journal of Linguistics
</i>49 (1): 127–63. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226712000345" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022226712000345</a>. </font></div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">Ozerov, Pavel. 2018. <a href="https://www.academia.edu/35286594/Tracing_the_sources_of_Information_Structure_Towards_the_study_of_interactional_management_of_information" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
Tracing the sources of Information Structure: Towards the study of interactional management of information</a>, Journal of Pragmatics 138: 77-97.</font></div>
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<div>Best wishes from Salos!</div>
<div>Eitan</div>
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<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Aug 2, 2019 at 1:08 PM John Du Bois <<a href="mailto:dubois@ucsb.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dubois@ucsb.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div dir="ltr">Does the multilingualism include Tok Pisin? Could the new construction you describe be a calque on a Tok Pisin "there is" construction?
<div>Jack</div>
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<br>
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<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Aug 2, 2019 at 9:03 AM Nicholas Evans <<a href="mailto:nicholas.evans@anu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">nicholas.evans@anu.edu.au</a>> wrote:<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Confirming Jeff's remark about Náma and related languages. In Nen and Nmbo (closely related to Náma) a focus marker is in the process of grammaticalising from a combination of a demonstrative (roughly: 'there') plus
an inflected copula. It can be used in its fully inflected form, usually after a clause-initial NP, but as it grammaticalises the inflectional categories on the copula(a rich set of subject agreement and TAM values) are freezing around the 3sgPresent value.
With Eri Kashima, Mark Ellison and Saliha Muradoglu we are currently conducting a study that looks at this grammaticalisation process in a variationist framework, across two communities linked by many multilingual individuals</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Best Nick</p>
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<font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Maia
Ponsonnet <<a href="mailto:maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, August 2, 2019 1:24:45 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions</font>
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<div id="gmail-m_8531462609640336649gmail-m_58035388054035054x_divtagdefaultwrapper" dir="ltr" style="font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif">
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Hello, I'm not sure I fully understand the scope of your query, but would the discourse functions of optional ergative markers fall into your target category? </p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">I'm attaching a paper that I recently coauthored just because it's handy, but of course many, many authors have written about this for many languages (see the reference list). </p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Kind regards, Maïa</p>
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<font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Jeff
Siegel <<a href="mailto:jsiegel2@une.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">jsiegel2@une.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, 2 August 2019 10:31 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fjn@uw.edu</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions</font>
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<div class="gmail-m_8531462609640336649gmail-m_58035388054035054x_PlainText">Greetings:<br>
<br>
The focus marker is also the copula or a development from it in Nama, a Papuan language of Southern New Guinea, and other languages in the Yam family.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Jeff Siegel<br>
<br>
<br>
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----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
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Message: 1<br>
Date: Thu, 1 Aug 2019 08:03:08 +0000<br>
From: Patrick McConvell <<a href="mailto:patrick.mcconvell@anu.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">patrick.mcconvell@anu.edu.au</a>><br>
To: Kilu von Prince <<a href="mailto:kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de</a>>, Frederick J<br>
Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fjn@uw.edu</a>><br>
Cc: "<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:SYXPR01MB18563B5ECCCCD780FDAD50CBC7DE0@SYXPR01MB1856.ausprd01.prod.outlook.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SYXPR01MB18563B5ECCCCD780FDAD50CBC7DE0@SYXPR01MB1856.ausprd01.prod.outlook.com</a>><br>
<br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"<br>
<br>
There are quite a lot of languages in which the focus marker is the copula or a development from it. I wrote about this in Hausa in my Ph.D thesis long ago:<br>
<br>
<br>
1973 Ph.D. awarded by SOAS, University of London, for thesis<br>
<br>
Cleft sentences in Hausa? A syntactic study of focus<br>
<br>
Pat McConvell<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
________________________________<br>
From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Kilu von Prince <<a href="mailto:kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de</a>><br>
Sent: Thursday, 1 August 2019 5:23 PM<br>
To: Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fjn@uw.edu</a>><br>
Cc: <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>> <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions<br>
<br>
Hi Frederick,<br>
<br>
the Chinese copula is an obvious candidate. I'm shamelessly self-promoting the article I wrote about its semantics in both functions, see attached.<br>
<br>
All the best,<br>
Kilu<br>
<br>
On Thu, Aug 1, 2019 at 1:09 AM Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fjn@uw.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">fjn@uw.edu</a>>> wrote:<br>
<br>
Dear Lingtyp,<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
I am looking for examples where topic markers or focus markers in some language are clearly members of some broad morphosyntactic category.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Let me give an example involving negatives of the sort of thing that I am looking for. Negative elements in various languages are often members of a broader category: in Estonian negative particles are auxiliaries, in Tongan they are complement-taking verbs,
in English they are adverbs, and so on.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
So what I am looking for are parallel examples with topic and focus markers: cases where a reasonable analysis would assign them to some broader category.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Thanks,<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Fritz<br>
<br>
Frederick J. Newmeyer<br>
Professor Emeritus, University of Washington<br>
Adjunct Professor, U of British Columbia and Simon Fraser U<br>
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Message: 2<br>
Date: Thu, 1 Aug 2019 12:16:31 +0200<br>
From: Isabelle BRIL <<a href="mailto:isabelle.bril@cnrs.fr" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">isabelle.bril@cnrs.fr</a>><br>
To: <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:dfe0d902-1352-1f54-9119-0e18a82bb320@cnrs.fr" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dfe0d902-1352-1f54-9119-0e18a82bb320@cnrs.fr</a>><br>
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<br>
Hi<br>
<br>
There are many cases of coordinators (sequential, additive, <br>
constrastive, disjunctive), of demonstratives as well as some <br>
case-markers used as topic and focus markers in a number of <br>
Austronesian-Oceanic languages.<br>
<br>
The attached article analyses such cases.<br>
<br>
2010, Bril I., “Informational and referential hierarchy: clause-linking <br>
strategies in Austronesian-Oceanic languages”. In Bril <br>
(ed.)./Clause-linking and clause hierarchy: syntax and pragmatics/. <br>
Amsterdam: Benjamins. 269-311.<br>
<br>
This article is part of the following volume :<br>
2010,Bril I. (éd.), /Clause-linking and clause hierarchy: syntax and <br>
pragmatics./ [Studies in Language Companion Series 121]. Benjamins<br>
<br>
in which other such cases are analysed in other language families, for <br>
instance,<br>
<br>
Frajzyngier in Wandala (Central Chadic) (Chapter 9),<br>
Vanhove in Yafi‘ Arabic (Yemen) (involving demonstratives and perception <br>
verbs) (Chapter 10),<br>
Taine-Cheikh (Chapter 11) in Zenaga (Berber) .<br>
<br>
TAM markers are another possible source analysed by:<br>
<br>
Verstraete in Umpithamu (Paman language, Australia), Chapter 14<br>
Robert in Wolof (Niger-Congo, Senegal) (Chapter 15)<br>
François in Hiw and Lo-Toga (Oceanic, Vanuatu),Chapter 16) .<br>
<br>
Hope this helps.<br>
<br>
Best<br>
Isabelle Bril<br>
<br>
Le 01/08/2019 à 01:08, Frederick J Newmeyer a écrit :<br>
><br>
> Dear Lingtyp,<br>
><br>
> I am looking for examples where topic markers or focus markers in some <br>
> language are clearly members of some broad morphosyntactic category.<br>
><br>
> Let me give an example involving negatives of the sort of thing that I <br>
> am looking for. Negative elements in various languages are often <br>
> members of a broader category: in Estonian negative particles are <br>
> auxiliaries, in Tongan they are complement-taking verbs, in English <br>
> they are adverbs, and so on.<br>
><br>
> So what I am looking for are parallel examples with topic and focus <br>
> markers: cases where a reasonable analysis would assign them to some <br>
> broader category.<br>
><br>
> Thanks,<br>
><br>
> Fritz<br>
><br>
><br>
> Frederick J. Newmeyer<br>
> Professor Emeritus, University of Washington<br>
> Adjunct Professor, U of British Columbia and Simon Fraser U<br>
><br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
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-- <br>
Isabelle Bril<br>
Directeur de recherches (LACITO-CNRS)<br>
Directeur d'Etudes à l'EPHE (Typologie et Typologie des langues austronésiennes)<br>
<br>
Ecole de typologie ESSLT 2016<br>
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<pre cols="72"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">=======================================<br></font></pre>
<pre cols="72"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">John W. Du Bois
Professor of Linguistics
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California 93106
USA
<a href="mailto:dubois@ucsb.edu" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dubois@ucsb.edu</a>
<a href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/dubois/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/dubois/</a></font></pre>
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