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<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">No John, people don't speak Tok Pisin there – it's traditional egalitarian local multilingualism, with a light dusting of Hiri Motu on top (older people) or PNG English (middle-aged) but I doubt those would have any influence
(and the age profiles we are getting confirm that). But what is the Tok Pisin construction you're referring to? I'd be interested to know more about that</p>
<p style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">Best NIck</p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> John Du Bois <dubois@ucsb.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, August 2, 2019 8:07:10 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nicholas Evans <nicholas.evans@anu.edu.au><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Maia Ponsonnet <maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions</font>
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<div dir="ltr">Does the multilingualism include Tok Pisin? Could the new construction you describe be a calque on a Tok Pisin "there is" construction?
<div>Jack</div>
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<br>
<div class="x_gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">On Fri, Aug 2, 2019 at 9:03 AM Nicholas Evans <<a href="mailto:nicholas.evans@anu.edu.au">nicholas.evans@anu.edu.au</a>> wrote:<br>
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<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Confirming Jeff's remark about Náma and related languages. In Nen and Nmbo (closely related to Náma) a focus marker is in the process of grammaticalising from a combination of a demonstrative (roughly: 'there') plus
an inflected copula. It can be used in its fully inflected form, usually after a clause-initial NP, but as it grammaticalises the inflectional categories on the copula(a rich set of subject agreement and TAM values) are freezing around the 3sgPresent value.
With Eri Kashima, Mark Ellison and Saliha Muradoglu we are currently conducting a study that looks at this grammaticalisation process in a variationist framework, across two communities linked by many multilingual individuals</p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Best Nick</p>
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<div id="x_gmail-m_58035388054035054divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Maia Ponsonnet <<a href="mailto:maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au" target="_blank">maia.ponsonnet@uwa.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, August 2, 2019 1:24:45 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions</font>
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<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Hello, I'm not sure I fully understand the scope of your query, but would the discourse functions of optional ergative markers fall into your target category? </p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">I'm attaching a paper that I recently coauthored just because it's handy, but of course many, many authors have written about this for many languages (see the reference list). </p>
<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px">Kind regards, Maïa</p>
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<div id="x_gmail-m_58035388054035054x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>>
on behalf of Jeff Siegel <<a href="mailto:jsiegel2@une.edu.au" target="_blank">jsiegel2@une.edu.au</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, 2 August 2019 10:31 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank">fjn@uw.edu</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions</font>
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<div class="x_gmail-m_58035388054035054x_BodyFragment"><font size="2"><span style="font-size:11pt">
<div class="x_gmail-m_58035388054035054x_PlainText">Greetings:<br>
<br>
The focus marker is also the copula or a development from it in Nama, a Papuan language of Southern New Guinea, and other languages in the Yam family.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
Jeff Siegel<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Thu, 1 Aug 2019 08:03:08 +0000<br>
From: Patrick McConvell <<a href="mailto:patrick.mcconvell@anu.edu.au" target="_blank">patrick.mcconvell@anu.edu.au</a>><br>
To: Kilu von Prince <<a href="mailto:kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de" target="_blank">kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de</a>>, Frederick J<br>
Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank">fjn@uw.edu</a>><br>
Cc: "<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:SYXPR01MB18563B5ECCCCD780FDAD50CBC7DE0@SYXPR01MB1856.ausprd01.prod.outlook.com" target="_blank">SYXPR01MB18563B5ECCCCD780FDAD50CBC7DE0@SYXPR01MB1856.ausprd01.prod.outlook.com</a>><br>
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<br>
There are quite a lot of languages in which the focus marker is the copula or a development from it. I wrote about this in Hausa in my Ph.D thesis long ago:<br>
<br>
<br>
1973 Ph.D. awarded by SOAS, University of London, for thesis<br>
<br>
Cleft sentences in Hausa? A syntactic study of focus<br>
<br>
Pat McConvell<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
________________________________<br>
From: Lingtyp <<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>> on behalf of Kilu von Prince <<a href="mailto:kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de" target="_blank">kilu.von.prince@hu-berlin.de</a>><br>
Sent: Thursday, 1 August 2019 5:23 PM<br>
To: Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank">fjn@uw.edu</a>><br>
Cc: <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG" target="_blank">LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a>> <<a href="mailto:LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions<br>
<br>
Hi Frederick,<br>
<br>
the Chinese copula is an obvious candidate. I'm shamelessly self-promoting the article I wrote about its semantics in both functions, see attached.<br>
<br>
All the best,<br>
Kilu<br>
<br>
On Thu, Aug 1, 2019 at 1:09 AM Frederick J Newmeyer <<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank">fjn@uw.edu</a><mailto:<a href="mailto:fjn@uw.edu" target="_blank">fjn@uw.edu</a>>> wrote:<br>
<br>
Dear Lingtyp,<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
I am looking for examples where topic markers or focus markers in some language are clearly members of some broad morphosyntactic category.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Let me give an example involving negatives of the sort of thing that I am looking for. Negative elements in various languages are often members of a broader category: in Estonian negative particles are auxiliaries, in Tongan they are complement-taking verbs,
in English they are adverbs, and so on.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
So what I am looking for are parallel examples with topic and focus markers: cases where a reasonable analysis would assign them to some broader category.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Thanks,<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
Fritz<br>
<br>
Frederick J. Newmeyer<br>
Professor Emeritus, University of Washington<br>
Adjunct Professor, U of British Columbia and Simon Fraser U<br>
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Message: 2<br>
Date: Thu, 1 Aug 2019 12:16:31 +0200<br>
From: Isabelle BRIL <<a href="mailto:isabelle.bril@cnrs.fr" target="_blank">isabelle.bril@cnrs.fr</a>><br>
To: <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [Lingtyp] Topic and focus markers with other functions<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:dfe0d902-1352-1f54-9119-0e18a82bb320@cnrs.fr" target="_blank">dfe0d902-1352-1f54-9119-0e18a82bb320@cnrs.fr</a>><br>
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<br>
Hi<br>
<br>
There are many cases of coordinators (sequential, additive, <br>
constrastive, disjunctive), of demonstratives as well as some <br>
case-markers used as topic and focus markers in a number of <br>
Austronesian-Oceanic languages.<br>
<br>
The attached article analyses such cases.<br>
<br>
2010, Bril I., “Informational and referential hierarchy: clause-linking <br>
strategies in Austronesian-Oceanic languages”. In Bril <br>
(ed.)./Clause-linking and clause hierarchy: syntax and pragmatics/. <br>
Amsterdam: Benjamins. 269-311.<br>
<br>
This article is part of the following volume :<br>
2010,Bril I. (éd.), /Clause-linking and clause hierarchy: syntax and <br>
pragmatics./ [Studies in Language Companion Series 121]. Benjamins<br>
<br>
in which other such cases are analysed in other language families, for <br>
instance,<br>
<br>
Frajzyngier in Wandala (Central Chadic) (Chapter 9),<br>
Vanhove in Yafi‘ Arabic (Yemen) (involving demonstratives and perception <br>
verbs) (Chapter 10),<br>
Taine-Cheikh (Chapter 11) in Zenaga (Berber) .<br>
<br>
TAM markers are another possible source analysed by:<br>
<br>
Verstraete in Umpithamu (Paman language, Australia), Chapter 14<br>
Robert in Wolof (Niger-Congo, Senegal) (Chapter 15)<br>
François in Hiw and Lo-Toga (Oceanic, Vanuatu),Chapter 16) .<br>
<br>
Hope this helps.<br>
<br>
Best<br>
Isabelle Bril<br>
<br>
Le 01/08/2019 à 01:08, Frederick J Newmeyer a écrit :<br>
><br>
> Dear Lingtyp,<br>
><br>
> I am looking for examples where topic markers or focus markers in some <br>
> language are clearly members of some broad morphosyntactic category.<br>
><br>
> Let me give an example involving negatives of the sort of thing that I <br>
> am looking for. Negative elements in various languages are often <br>
> members of a broader category: in Estonian negative particles are <br>
> auxiliaries, in Tongan they are complement-taking verbs, in English <br>
> they are adverbs, and so on.<br>
><br>
> So what I am looking for are parallel examples with topic and focus <br>
> markers: cases where a reasonable analysis would assign them to some <br>
> broader category.<br>
><br>
> Thanks,<br>
><br>
> Fritz<br>
><br>
><br>
> Frederick J. Newmeyer<br>
> Professor Emeritus, University of Washington<br>
> Adjunct Professor, U of British Columbia and Simon Fraser U<br>
><br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
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<br>
-- <br>
Isabelle Bril<br>
Directeur de recherches (LACITO-CNRS)<br>
Directeur d'Etudes à l'EPHE (Typologie et Typologie des langues austronésiennes)<br>
<br>
Ecole de typologie ESSLT 2016<br>
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<pre cols="72"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">=======================================<br></font></pre>
<pre cols="72"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">John W. Du Bois
Professor of Linguistics
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California 93106
USA
<a href="mailto:dubois@ucsb.edu" target="_blank">dubois@ucsb.edu</a>
<a href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/dubois/" target="_blank">http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/faculty/dubois/</a></font></pre>
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