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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On 10 Oct 2019, at 2:33 AM, ARNOLD Laura <<a href="mailto:Laura.Arnold@ed.ac.uk" class="">Laura.Arnold@ed.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><span class="">Dear colleagues,<br class=""></span><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I’m investigating a feature that I’m calling ‘differential inalienable marking’. Differential inalienable marking is found in some languages with a morphosyntactic alienability distinction in adnominal possessive constructions. In ‘inalienable’ constructions (i.e., those constructions that are more closely associated with expressing inalienable relationships between the possessor and possessee, such as body parts and kin terms), these languages make a further morphological or morphosyntactic distinction – for example, with two distinct paradigms marking the person and number of the possessor.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">This distinction may be semantically conditioned – for example, kin terms may be marked with one paradigm, body parts another. Below is an example from Ambai (Austronesian), in which a 3sg possessor is predictably marked on kin terms with the suffix<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">-na</i>, and on body parts with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">-n</i>.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">(1) Ambai (Silzer 1983: 88-9)</div></div><blockquote style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class="">(a) ina<b style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit;" class="">-na</b></div><div class=""> mother-3sg</div><div class=""> ‘his/her mother’</div></div></blockquote><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><blockquote style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class="">(b) awe<b class="">-n</b></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""> foot-3sg</div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""> ‘his/her foot’</div></div></blockquote><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Alternatively, the distinction may be lexically specified. In Kula (Timor-Alor-Pantar), the possessor is marked on most body parts and kin terms with one paradigm; however, there is a subset of body parts which are unpredictably marked with a different paradigm. This is exemplified in (2): a 1st person exclusive possessor is marked on the body part<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">nikwa</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>‘eye’ with the prefix<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">ng-</i>, but on the body part<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">kárik</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>‘finger’ with<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">nge-</i>.<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">(2) Kula (Williams 2017: 226)<br class=""></div></div><blockquote style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class=""><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class="">(a)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">ng</b>-nikwa</div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""> 1excl-eye </div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""> ‘my/our eye’</div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class="">(b)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b class="">nge-</b>kárik<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""> 1excl-finger</div></div><div style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""> ‘my/our finger’</div></div></blockquote><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Note that I am <b class="">not </b>counting either phonologically predictable allomorphy or free variation as differential inalienable marking.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">This feature is attested in several languages spoken in east Indonesia. Has anyone come across differential inalienable marking elsewhere in the world? (As you can see from the examples, the distinction may be very subtle…)<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">With best wishes from Edinburgh,<br class=""></div><div class="">Laura<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">~~~<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class=""></div><div class="">Laura Arnold<br class=""></div><div class="">British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow<br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Room 1.13, Dugald Stewart Building<br class=""></div><div class="">School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences<br class=""></div><span class="">University of Edinburgh </span><br class=""></div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336. _______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Lingtyp mailing list</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></div></blockquote></div><br class=""></div></div></body></html>