<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Laura</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thanks for an interesting query.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><b>Teanu</b>, one of the 3 languages of Vanikoro (Temotu province, Solomon Islands;
800sp.), is unusual among Oceanic languages, in having lost all bound morphology — specifically, possessive suffixes. And yet, it has preserved the essential principles of Oceanic possessive systems, in distinguishing:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(D) direct possession [<b>Pss-d Pss-or</b>] for some inalienable relations</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div class="gmail_default" style=""><ol style=""><li style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">body parts</li><li style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">several bivalent nouns like “name of”, “inside of…” </li><li style=""><font face="times new roman, serif">[<i style="">lexically determined</i>] </font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">some nouns referring to clothes & intimate property</font></li></ol></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div></div></div><div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(I) indirect possession [<b>Pss-d Lnk Pss-or</b>] with 4 <u>distinct</u> linkers for:</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><ol><li>{Lnk = /<b>ma</b>/} "drink" possession ; +
[<i>lexically determined</i>] 'breast, chest (of man/woman)'</li><li>
{Lnk = /<b>we</b>/} "eat/tool" possession: food + tools + language</li><li>
{Lnk = /<b>ie</b>/, 1sg = /<b>one</b>/} most kinship terms</li><li>
{Lnk = /<b>ie</b>/, 1sg = /<b>enone</b>/}
default possession: most possessed items (incl. clothes), economic property, etc.; some kin terms…</li></ol></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some examples follow:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(D1)
noma Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">face
(name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's face' [Bakap = a male name]</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(D1’) noma
ene</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">face
Pron:1sg</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New""><span style="font-size:12pt"> 'my face' </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(D2)
kie Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">hole
(name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">'Bakap's grave' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(D3)
lusa Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">shirt (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's shirt' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(D3’) lusa
ene</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">shirt
Pron:1sg</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New""><span style="font-size:12pt"> 'my shirt' </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I1)
ero <b>me</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">water/milk DRINK (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's (drinking) water/milk' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I1’) ero
<b>me</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">water/milk DRINK (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's chest' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I2) buioe
<b>we</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">areca FOOD/TOOL (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's areca nuts (to chew)' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I2’)
kompiuta <b>we</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">computer FOOD/TOOL (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's computer'</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I2”) piene
<b>we</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">words FOOD/TOOL (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's language'</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I3) et’
<b>ie</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">mother
KIN (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's mother' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I3’) et’
<b>one</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">mother
KIN:1sg</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'my mother' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I4a) mwoe
<b>ie</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">house GEN.POSS (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's house' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I4a’) mwoe
<b>enone</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">house GEN.POSS:1sg</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'my house' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I4b) piene <b>ie</b> Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New""> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">words GEN.POSS (name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's speech'</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I4b’) piene
<b>enone</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">words GEN.POSS:1sg</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'my speech'</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I4c) emele
<b>ie</b>
Bakap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">woman GEN.POSS
(name)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'Bakap's wife' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">(I4c’) emele
<b>enone</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New""></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">woman GEN.POSS:1sg</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Courier New"">
'my wife' </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br></p></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Note that I am avoiding to use the term "inalienable" here, because it is unclear to me whether it is supposed to refer to a universal category (semantic? formal?). In this case, Teanu distinguishes formally between 'his mother' and 'his wife', a contrast which could be described as (semantically) inalienable vs. alienable, yet it does so within the (emic) category of "indirect possession", which is often equated in the (Oceanic) literature with "alienable". </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">All in all I can't really say that the two concepts "inalienable" vs. "alienable" define any clearcut formal contrast in this language. As you see in these examples show, the alienability opposition rather cuts through several formal categories. — compare (D1) vs. (D3), or (I1) vs. (I1'), etc.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex</div></div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><hr style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><div style="font-family:"Segoe UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(51,102,102);font-size:11px;line-height:16.5px"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex François</p><p><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Australian National University</a><br><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a></span></p><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" size="1"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(51,102,102);font-family:"Segoe UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:11px"> </span></div><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, 10 Oct 2019 at 05:33, ARNOLD Laura <<a href="mailto:Laura.Arnold@ed.ac.uk">Laura.Arnold@ed.ac.uk</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<span>Dear colleagues,<br>
</span>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>I’m investigating a feature that I’m calling ‘differential inalienable marking’. Differential inalienable marking is found in some languages with a morphosyntactic alienability distinction in adnominal possessive constructions. In ‘inalienable’ constructions
(i.e., those constructions that are more closely associated with expressing inalienable relationships between the possessor and possessee, such as body parts and kin terms), these languages make a further morphological or morphosyntactic distinction – for
example, with two distinct paradigms marking the person and number of the possessor.<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This distinction may be semantically conditioned – for example, kin terms may be marked with one paradigm, body parts another. Below is an example from Ambai (Austronesian), in which a 3sg possessor is predictably marked on kin terms with the suffix
<i>-na</i>, and on body parts with <i>-n</i>.<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>(1) Ambai (Silzer 1983: 88-9)</div>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div>(a) ina<b>-na</b></div>
<div> mother-3sg</div>
<div> ‘his/her mother’</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div>(b) awe<b>-n</b></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div> foot-3sg</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div> ‘his/her foot’</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Alternatively, the distinction may be lexically specified. In Kula (Timor-Alor-Pantar), the possessor is marked on most body parts and kin terms with one paradigm; however, there is a subset of body parts which are unpredictably marked with a different
paradigm. This is exemplified in (2): a 1st person exclusive possessor is marked on the body part
<i>nikwa</i> ‘eye’ with the prefix <i>ng-</i>, but on the body part <i>kárik</i> ‘finger’ with
<i>nge-</i>.<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>(2) Kula (Williams 2017: 226)<br>
</div>
</div>
<blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:none;padding:0px">
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div>(a) <b>ng</b>-nikwa</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div> 1excl-eye </div>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div> ‘my/our eye’</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div>(b) <b>nge-</b>kárik </div>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div> 1excl-finger</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div> ‘my/our finger’</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Note that I am <b>not </b>counting either phonologically predictable allomorphy or free variation as differential inalienable marking.
<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>This feature is attested in several languages spoken in east Indonesia. Has anyone come across differential inalienable marking elsewhere in the world? (As you can see from the examples, the distinction may be very subtle…)<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>With best wishes from Edinburgh,<br>
</div>
<div>Laura<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>~~~ <br>
</div>
<div>Laura Arnold<br>
</div>
<div>British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow<br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Room 1.13, Dugald Stewart Building<br>
</div>
<div>School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences<br>
</div>
<span>University of Edinburgh </span><br>
</div>
The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered in Scotland, with registration number SC005336.
</div>
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