<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Dear Ian,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">A very interesting and underresearched topic. It is very likely that all earlier varieties of the Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creoles spoken in the Caribbean had lexical and grammatical tone due to transfer from African tonal substrates during their genesis. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">They presumably lost tone due to prolonged and intimate contact with non-tonal European superstrates (English, Dutch, Spanish). The survival of tone in isolated creoles like Saramaccan and Ndyuka, and "residual tone" in other creoles (e.g. in Sranan, where lexical tone is restricted to ideophones, in an otherwise intonation-only system) provides evidence. The African English-lexifier creoles of the family have also retained tone systems due to unbroken contact with African (tonal) adstrates (i.e. Nigerian Pidgin, Pichi, Krio, etc). </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">We (with my co-author Guri Bordal Steien) have written a longer piece ("Romancing with tone: On the outcomes of prosodic contact") on the mechanism of stress-to-tone conversion, through which the African varieties of European standard languages have acquired tone (i.e. Centralafrican French, Equatoguinean Spanish, Nigerian English) to be published in Language 96.1 or 96.2. We assume that the mechanism works the other way round too, hence via tone-to-stress conversion, but much work still remains to be done.<br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Outside of the Afrosphere, the varieties of Norwegian and Swedish in prolonged contact with Sami and Finnish have also lost tone (e.g. Jahr, Ernst Håkon. 1984. Language contact in Northern Norway: Adstratum and substratum in the Norwegian, Sami and Finnish of Northern Norway. Acta Borealia 1(1). 103–112.)</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Cheers,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Kofi</div><div><div dir="ltr" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="1" color="#666666" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">————<br></font></div><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#666666">Dr Kofi Yakpo • Associate Professor </font><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">•</span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)"> </span><a href="http://arts.hku.hk/" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">University of Hong Kong</font></a><span style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span></font></div><div><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">Undergraduate Coordinator </span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">• </span><a href="http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Linguistics Programme</font></a></font></div><div><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">Resident Scholar </span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">• </span><a href="http://www.chisuncollege.hku.hk/the-college/" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Chi Sun College</font></a><span style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span></font></div><div><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#666666">Web: </font><a href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">scholars hub</font></a><span style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">•</span><font color="#c0c0c0"> </font><a href="https://hku-hk.academia.edu/KofiYakpo" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">academia.edu</font></a><font color="#999999"> </font><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102)">•</span><span style="color:rgb(192,192,192)"> </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kofi_Yakpo" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">researchgate</font></a></font></div><div dir="ltr"><div><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">Open access to postprints at </span><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=yakpo&sort=-publication_date" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Zenodo</font></a><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"><br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">Recent publications:</span><br></div><div><a href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/85" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">A Grammar of Pichi</font></a><br></div><div><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/eww.00028.yak" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">English World-Wide: Inheritance, contact, convergence</font></a><br></font></div><div><a href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/coll.55.05yak" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Areal convergence in creole negation</font></a><br></div><div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>
</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Nov 8, 2019 at 3:36 PM Joo, Ian <<a href="mailto:joo@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">joo@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Dear fellow typologists,<br>
<br>
Middle Korean had lexical tones, and they are well recorded in 15th century Korean written in Hangul, but in contemporary Korean, they are lost.<br>
Are there any other languages that experienced the loss of tone (tonothanasia?) whose written history keeps track of this loss?<br>
Or is Korean unique in this regard?<br>
<br>
>From Jena, Germany,<br>
Ian<br>
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