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<p>Martin,</p>
<p>Malay/Indonesian and Tagalog are in the Mandarin category: object
pronouns are unbound and optional.</p>
<p>But Hebrew may fall into the English/German category. So for
your dialog ...</p>
<p>Ken, pagašti ota bamiznon<br>
yes, meet.PST.1SG ACC.3SGF LOC:DEF:cafeteria</p>
<p>Can the object pronoun "ota" be omitted? To me it sounds bad,
albeit not quite as bad as the corresponding English
construction. Maybe other speakers of Hebrew can weigh in with
their judgements.</p>
<p>(Of course, typologically Hebrew is rather European ...)<br>
</p>
<p>David</p>
<p>PS I note with interest that your proposed universal implication
seems to require recourse to a comparative category of word ...<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 16/12/2019 15:13, Haspelmath, Martin
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:a4508cd8-fe68-6e08-f2ec-6d13d546cda2@shh.mpg.de">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">I have a question on 3rd person anaphoric
pronouns in the world’s languages. In many languages, these
are optional when they refer to a continuous topic, not only
in subject (S/A) role, but also in object (P) role. So we get
patterns like the following:</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">– Have you seen Lee today?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">– Yes, I met (her) in the cafeteria.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">I’m wondering if the following universal tendency
is true:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">(U) In almost all languages, if the anaphoric
object pronoun is obligatory, it is a bound form (= a form
that cannot occur on its own, i.e. an affix or a clitic).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Spanish and Arabic are examples of languages
where the obligatory anaphoric object forms are bound (clitic
or affix). English and German are exceptions to this
generalization (and perhaps a few other European languages as
well). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">But are there many exceptions? According to
Siewierska (2004: 43), about two thirds of all languages (223
out of 378 in
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://wals.info/feature/102A">her WALS chapter</a>)
have bound object person forms (= object indexes), so the
hypothesized universal tendency is a question about those
languages that lack object indexes, and have only independent
personal pronouns or demonstratives for object function. Are
there many among them which (like English) obligatorily
require an overt form in this function?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Or are most of them like Mandarin Chinese, which
according to Wiedenhof (2015: §5.2.2) happily allows
zero-anaphora sentences like
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Nǐ yào ma?</i> [you
want Q] ‘Do you want it?’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">I’m interested in all reports of languages
outside of Europe which are unlike Mandarin, and like English,
in this respect.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Many thanks,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US">Martin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" moz-do-not-send="true">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig </pre>
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