<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Hi Martin, hi all,<div><br></div><div>I'd like to point out Silvia Luraghi's extensive work on null referential objects (and subjects) in early Indo-European. Carlotta Viti has also written about this. Both have easily accessible papers on Academia.edu. The main observation in both is that earlier IE languages, unlike later IE languages, allowed (and in some cases, required) null expression of anaphoric objects. As far as I know, the relevant forms are not bound to verbs.</div><div><br></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">As for Hebrew, I think that David is mostly right, with Alex's proviso about animacy. So null expression of animate objects seems mostly awkward, but fine with a lot of inanimate objects. In the (b) sentence below, null expression varies with overt expression. </font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></span></font></div><div>(a) kaniti lɛxɛm</div><div> I.bought bread</div><div> 'I bought bread'<br></div><div><br></div><div>(b) sim (oto) al-ha-ʃulχan </div><div> put.IMP (it) on-DEF-table </div><div> 'Put (it) on the table.'</div><div><br></div><div>But even with animates there can be null expression. Edit Doron wrote about this some time ago, giving examples like the equivalent of "Did you send the kids to school? I sent."</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Eitan</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>Eitan<br></div><div> </div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Eitan Grossman<div>Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics/School of Language Sciences<br></div><div>Hebrew University of Jerusalem</div><div>Tel: +972 2 588 3809</div><div>Fax: +972 2 588 1224</div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Dec 16, 2019 at 6:04 PM Bohnemeyer, Juergen <<a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Dear Martin et al. — There is also a (I think) well-established tendency in cross-reference systems to zero-realize 3SG object pronouns. This is for example the case throughout Mayan. Thus we get in Yucatec:<br>
<br>
T-inw=il-ah-∅<br>
PRV-A1SG=see-CMP-B3SG<br>
‘I saw him/her/it’<br>
<br>
T-uy=il-ah-en<br>
PRV-A3SG=see-CMP-B1SG<br>
‘(S)he/it saw me’<br>
<br>
I wonder whether this carries over to free object pronouns as well, that is, whether 3rd person pronouns are more likely to be omitted than SAP pronouns and SG ones more likely than plural ones. This would obviously make sense based on general principles of information distribution/retrieval in a rational speech act framework. <br>
<br>
(And as a side note, there is an interesting issue here regarding what we mean ‘obligatory’.)<br>
<br>
Best — Juergen<br>
<br>
> On Dec 16, 2019, at 10:30 AM, Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:francois@vjf.cnrs.fr" target="_blank">francois@vjf.cnrs.fr</a>> wrote:<br>
> <br>
> dear Martin,<br>
> <br>
> One dimension you forgot to mention, and which appears crucial to me for any study of that sort, is animacy. <br>
> I can think of many languages where zero-anaphora is allowed (or even the rule) for inanimate patients, while it would be less possible for animate ~ human ones.<br>
> <br>
> I think this is true, for example, for the Mandarin example you cite:<br>
> <br>
> 今天早上我见到了她。<br>
> Jīntiān zǎoshang wǒ jiàndào le tā.<br>
> today morning 1sg see PFT 3sg:(Fem)<br>
> 'I saw her this morning.'<br>
> <br>
> 今天早上我见到了。<br>
> Jīntiān zǎoshang wǒ jiàndào le ∅.<br>
> today morning 1sg see PFT ∅<br>
> 'I saw it this morning.'<br>
> <br>
> (Chinese speakers and experts, please correct me.)<br>
> <br>
> Mwotlap (and other northern Vanuatu languages) would be similar: Zero anaphora is the norm for non-human objects, but not expected for human objects:<br>
> <br>
> No m-eksas kē aqyig lemtap<br>
> 1sg PFT-see 3sg today:Past morning<br>
> 'I saw her this morning.'<br>
> <br>
> No m-eksas ∅ aqyig lemtap<br>
> 1sg PFT-see ∅ today:Past morning<br>
> 'I saw it this morning.'<br>
> <br>
> I don't think that Mandarin tā qualifies as a clitic; nor does Mwotlap kē. <br>
> Insofar as they are obligatorily expressed for animate patients, then these cases would constitute, like English, exceptions to the general principle you're proposing.<br>
> <br>
> best<br>
> Alex<br>
> Alex François<br>
> <br>
> LaTTiCe — CNRS–ENS–Sorbonne nouvelle<br>
> Australian National University<br>
> Academia page – Personal homepage<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
> On Mon, 16 Dec 2019 at 15:13, Haspelmath, Martin <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br>
> I have a question on 3rd person anaphoric pronouns in the world’s languages. In many languages, these are optional when they refer to a continuous topic, not only in subject (S/A) role, but also in object (P) role. So we get patterns like the following:<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> – Have you seen Lee today?<br>
> <br>
> – Yes, I met (her) in the cafeteria.<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> I’m wondering if the following universal tendency is true:<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> (U) In almost all languages, if the anaphoric object pronoun is obligatory, it is a bound form (= a form that cannot occur on its own, i.e. an affix or a clitic).<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> Spanish and Arabic are examples of languages where the obligatory anaphoric object forms are bound (clitic or affix). English and German are exceptions to this generalization (and perhaps a few other European languages as well).<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> But are there many exceptions? According to Siewierska (2004: 43), about two thirds of all languages (223 out of 378 in her WALS chapter) have bound object person forms (= object indexes), so the hypothesized universal tendency is a question about those languages that lack object indexes, and have only independent personal pronouns or demonstratives for object function. Are there many among them which (like English) obligatorily require an overt form in this function?<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> Or are most of them like Mandarin Chinese, which according to Wiedenhof (2015: §5.2.2) happily allows zero-anaphora sentences like Nǐ yào ma? [you want Q] ‘Do you want it?’<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> I’m interested in all reports of languages outside of Europe which are unlike Mandarin, and like English, in this respect.<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> Many thanks,<br>
> <br>
> Martin<br>
> <br>
> <br>
> <br>
> -- <br>
> Martin Haspelmath (<br>
> <a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a><br>
> )<br>
> Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<br>
> Kahlaische Strasse 10 <br>
> D-07745 Jena <br>
> &<br>
> Leipzig University<br>
> Institut fuer Anglistik <br>
> IPF 141199<br>
> D-04081 Leipzig <br>
> <br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
> _______________________________________________<br>
> Lingtyp mailing list<br>
> <a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
> <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
<br>
Juergen Bohnemeyer (He/Him)<br>
Professor and Director of Graduate Studies <br>
Department of Linguistics and Center for Cognitive Science <br>
University at Buffalo <br>
<br>
Office: 642 Baldy Hall, UB North Campus * Mailing address: 609 Baldy Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 <br>
Phone: (716) 645 0127 <br>
Fax: (716) 645 3825 * Email: <a href="mailto:jb77@buffalo.edu" target="_blank">jb77@buffalo.edu</a> * Web: <a href="http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~jb77/</a> <br>
<br>
Office hours Tu/Th 3:30-4:30pm<br>
<br>
<br>
There’s A Crack In Everything - That’s How The Light Gets In (Leonard Cohen)<br>
<br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><br>
</blockquote></div></div></div></div>