<div dir="ltr">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">Dear Alex and Martin,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">I agree with Alex, Eitan, and Volker that animacy is an important factor when all the contexts of object-drop are examined. At the same time, I would like to add that, with respect to
Mandarin, animate objects may also be naturally dropped, and this is particularly true of conversational contexts, as shown in (1-2). <br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">(1)<span> </span>A: <span> </span>你喜欢他(/她)吗？</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none">Nǐ xǐhuan tā (/tā) ma?<span> <br></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"><span> you like him(/her) Question.Particle<br></span></span></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"> ‘Do you like him(/her)?'<span> <br></span></span></p><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">
</span><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%"> B</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN">: </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN">当然喜欢啦。<br><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> Dāngrán xǐhuan la. <br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> of.course like Sentence.Final.Particle <br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> '(I) of course like (him/her).' <br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"><br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none">(2) A: (holding a picture）</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> 你见过这个人吗？</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> Nǐ jiàn-guo zhè-gè rén ma?</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> you see-Experiential this-Classifier person Question.Particle <br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> 'Did you see this person before?'</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> B: 我没见过。</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> Wǒ méi jiàn-guo.</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> I not see-Experiential <br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"> 'I didn't.' <br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none"><br></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none">Best regards,</span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:107%" lang="ZH-CN"><span style="color:rgb(51,51,51);font-size:14px;font-style:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255);text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-color:initial;display:inline;float:none">Chao</span></span></span></div>
</div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Dec 16, 2019 at 10:30 AM Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:francois@vjf.cnrs.fr">francois@vjf.cnrs.fr</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default">dear Martin,</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">One dimension you forgot to mention, and which appears crucial to me for any study of that sort, is animacy. </div><div class="gmail_default">I can think of many languages where zero-anaphora is allowed (or even the rule) for inanimate patients, while it would be less possible for animate ~ human ones.</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">I think this is true, for example, for the <b>Mandarin </b>example you cite:</div></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">今天早上我见到了<b><font color="#9900ff">她</font></b>。<br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">Jīntiān zǎoshang wǒ jiàndào le <b><font color="#9900ff">tā</font></b>.<br></font></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">today morning 1sg see PFT 3sg:(Fem)</font></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">'I saw <u style="font-weight:bold">her</u> this morning.'</font></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">今天早上我见到了。</font><br><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">Jīntiān zǎoshang wǒ jiàndào le <font color="#9900ff">∅</font>.<br></font></div></div></div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">today morning 1sg see PFT ∅</font></div></div></div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">'I saw <u style="font-weight:bold">it</u> this morning.'</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">(Chinese speakers and experts, please correct me.)</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><b>Mwotlap </b>(and other northern Vanuatu languages) would be similar: Zero anaphora is the norm for non-human objects, but not expected for human objects:</div><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">No m-eksas <font color="#9900ff"><b>kē </b> </font>aqyig lemtap<br></font></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">1sg PFT-see 3sg today:Past morning</font></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">'I saw </span><u style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-weight:bold">her</u><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> this morning.'</span><br></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div><div class="gmail_default"><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="verdana, sans-serif">No m-eksas </font><b><font color="#9900ff">∅</font></b><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><font color="#9900ff"><b> </b> </font>aqyig lemtap<br></font></div></div></div><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">1sg PFT-see </font>∅<font face="monospace"> today:Past morning</font></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default">'I saw <u style="font-weight:bold">it</u> this morning.'</div></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"><blockquote style="margin:0px 0px 0px 40px;border:medium none;padding:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default"></div></div></div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I don't think that Mandarin <i>tā</i> qualifies as a clitic; nor does Mwotlap <i>kē</i>. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Insofar as they are obligatorily expressed for animate patients, then these cases would constitute, like English, exceptions to the general principle you're proposing.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font size="2">Alex</font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><hr style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><div style="font-family:"Segoe UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(51,102,102);font-size:11px;line-height:16.5px"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex François</p><p><span style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Australian National University</a><br><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration-line:none" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a></span></p><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" size="1"> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 16 Dec 2019 at 15:13, Haspelmath, Martin <<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US"></span><span lang="EN-US">I have a question on 3rd person anaphoric pronouns in the world’s languages.
In many languages, these are optional when they refer to a continuous topic, not only in subject (S/A) role, but also in object (P) role. So we get patterns like the following:</span>
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">– Have you seen Lee today?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">– Yes, I met (her) in the cafeteria.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I’m wondering if the following universal tendency is true:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">(U) In almost all languages, if the anaphoric object pronoun is obligatory, it is a bound form (= a form that cannot occur on its own, i.e. an affix or a clitic).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Spanish and Arabic are examples of languages where the obligatory anaphoric object forms are bound (clitic or affix). English and German are exceptions to this generalization (and perhaps
a few other European languages as well). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">But are there many exceptions? According to Siewierska (2004: 43), about two thirds of all languages (223 out of 378 in
<a href="https://wals.info/feature/102A" target="_blank">her WALS chapter</a>) have bound object person forms (= object indexes), so the hypothesized universal tendency is a question about those languages that lack object indexes, and have only independent
personal pronouns or demonstratives for object function. Are there many among them which (like English) obligatorily require an overt form in this function?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Or are most of them like Mandarin Chinese, which according to Wiedenhof (2015: §5.2.2) happily allows zero-anaphora sentences like
<i>Nǐ yào ma?</i> [you want Q] ‘Do you want it?’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">I’m interested in all reports of languages outside of Europe which are unlike Mandarin, and like English, in this respect.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Many thanks,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Martin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<pre cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig </pre>
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