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Sorry all about the missing attachment earlier – must have failed to load when I was out bush on a dodgy line. Here it is now. And you'll see that it also takes seriously the hybrid origins of language (both speech and gesture), with initial contributions from
each according to their affordances, subsequently transferred across modalities by multilingual contact</div>
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Best Nick</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Nicholas Evans <nicholas.evans@anu.edu.au><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, January 21, 2020 9:24 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Ian Maddieson <ianm@berkeley.edu>; David Gil <gil@shh.mpg.de><br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Proto-World explains universals</font>
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Dear Colleagues</div>
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In connection with this, you might be interested in the attached article where I argue that the old battlefield of 'monogenesis vs polygenesis' should be reconceptualised to one of 'polysemigenesis', where language arose by putting together various semi-languages,
developed in separate places, and pooling their 'inventions' in a multilingual environment. That has obvious consequences for Martin's question.</div>
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Best, Nick Evans</div>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> on behalf of Ian Maddieson <ianm@berkeley.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, January 21, 2020 12:50 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> David Gil <gil@shh.mpg.de><br>
<b>Cc:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] Proto-World explains universals</font>
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<div class="" style="word-wrap:break-word; line-break:after-white-space">I agree with David that monogenesis of human language is unlikely for various reasons, but I think Martin’s
<div class="">original question had to do with whether an argument had been presented in the linguistic literature with the</div>
<div class="">specific form of claiming that a universal exists because it was in the prototype of all languages. An argument</div>
<div class="">of this basic form could be made without assuming monogenesis if the hypothesis was that each episode of 'language</div>
<div class="">creation' started in similar ways.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Ian<br class="">
<div><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Jan 20, 2020, at 18:23, David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" class="">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="x_x_Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="">
<p class="">Dear all,</p>
<p class="">I'm not sure whether Martin is looking for such cases in order to cite them favourably or shoot them down, but either way ...<br class="">
</p>
<p class="">The kind of proposal that Martin mentions presupposes the existence of a single Proto-World, aka monogenesis, of a similar degree of complexity to contemporary human languages, the latter condition being necessary in order for it to be possible
to meaningfully attribute a particular universal feature of contemporary human languages to such a hypothetical proto-language.</p>
<p class="">However, the monogenesis hypothesis is more consistent with the saltational view of language evolution espoused primarily within generative grammar, than it is with alternative views of language evolution that would characterize it as the outcome
of gradual processes that began before the rise of modern Homo Sapiens. Under the latter view, modern languages could be traced back in a continuous path to various rudimentary "proto-languages" of the kind more likely to have arisen independently in multiple
times and places.<br class="">
</p>
<p class="">Also, it's not clear to me how strict monogenesis can be reconciled with recent genetic discoveries suggesting that there was admixture between modern (linguistically-endowed) humans and Denisovans as recently as 15,000 years ago in New Guinea.
While not a logical necessity, it's extremely likely that there was some kind of inter-species communication going on, and such communication could, potentially, have left traces still observable in modern human languages.</p>
<p class="">David</p>
<p class=""><br class="">
</p>
<div class="x_x_moz-cite-prefix">On 20/01/2020 19:45, Haspelmath, Martin wrote:<br class="">
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">Dear all,<br class="">
<br class="">
Does anyone know a case where it has been proposed (or suggested) concretely that an observed universal tendency (or absolute universal) is due to inheritance from Proto-World?<br class="">
<br class="">
Cysouw (2011: 417) has suggested this as a possibility:<br class="">
<br class="">
<font size="-1" class="">"It is possible that there are still founder effects available in the current distribution of the world’s languages, i.e., that there are preferences in the current world’s languages that go back to incidental events during the spread
of languages over the world (Maslova 2000)."</font><br class="">
<br class="">
But while this is logically possible, are there any concrete suggestions with a global scope?<br class="">
Word order universals such as the Greenbergian correlations, or phonological universals such as vowel dispersion cannot be due to Proto-World (or some other founder effect), because the universality lies in the implicational patterns, not in specific structures
that all languages share. Has anyone suggested that any other universal properties (e.g. the fact that all languages can express negation or questions, or that agent-patient organization is universal, or that all languages have recursion) may be due to Proto-World
inheritance?<br class="">
<br class="">
Thanks,<br class="">
Martin<br class="">
<br class="">
************<br class="">
<br class="">
References:<br class="">
<div class="x_x_csl-bib-body" style="line-height:1.35; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em">
<div class="x_x_csl-entry">Cysouw, Michael. 2011. Understanding transition probabilities.
<i class="">Linguistic Typology</i> 15(2). 415–431.<br class="">
</div>
<span class="x_x_Z3988" title="url_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzotero.org%3A2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Understanding%20transition%20probabilities&rft.jtitle=Linguistic%20Typology&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Cysouw&rft.au=Michael%20Cysouw&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=415%E2%80%93431&rft.spage=415&rft.epage=431"></span></div>
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<div class="x_x_column">Maslova, Elena. 2000. A dynamic approach to the verification of distributional universals.
<i class="">Linguistic Typology</i> 4. 307 – 333.<br class="">
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<pre class="x_x_moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig </pre>
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<pre class="x_x_moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-556825895
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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<div class="">
<div class="">Ian Maddieson</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Department of Linguistics</div>
<div class="">University of New Mexico</div>
<div class="">MSC03-2130</div>
<div class="">Albuquerque NM 87131-0001</div>
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