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<div id="divRpF689121" style="DIRECTION: ltr"><font color="#000000" size="2" face="Tahoma"><b>From:</b> Kulikov, L.<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 24 January 2020 22:54<br>
<b>To:</b> lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Cc:</b> kulikovli@googlemail.com<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Query: Metaphors of Time and etymology<br>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">Dear colleagues,
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3"></font></span> </p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">It is well-known that the concept of Time is linguistically connected with a plethora of metaphors that help to accommodate the notions related to Time within the human mind. In particular,
there are two well-known universal metaphors for Time: Time as <b>rotation</b> (wheel, revolving etc.) and Time as
<b>flow(ing)</b> (river etc.). </font></span></p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3"></font></span> </p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">The former metaphor underlies the etymology of the words for Time in many languages, including Indo-European.
</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">Cf., for instance:</font></span></p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">1) Slavic (Old Church Slavonic)
<i>vrěmę</i> (with cognates), going back to *<i>vert-men- </i>‘turning, rotation’; and</font></span></p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">2) (Vedic) Sanskrit
<i>kāla- </i>‘time’ derived from the Indic reflex of the Proto-Indo-European root *<i>k<sup>w</sup>el-
</i>‘move (around), revolve, rotate’ (cf. words for ‘wheel’ in several Indo-European languages, such as Greek
<i>kyklos</i>, Slavic <i>kolo- </i>etc., Germanic (Eng.) <i>wheel</i> etc., all derived from the reflexes of the same root).</font></span></p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3"></font></span> </p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">However, I was unable to find similar examples for the latter metaphor – that of river/flow. Can anyone provide examples from any language, illustrating this metaphor, i.e. word for
Time etymologizable as ‘river’, ‘flow’, ‘stream’ etc.?</font></span></p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">Many thanks,</font></span></p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3"></font></span> </p>
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<span style="FONT-FAMILY: "Arial",sans-serif; COLOR: #202124"><font size="3">Leonid Kulikov</font></span></p>
<p>Ghent University, Linguistics Dept.</p>
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