<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Adam,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I can think of two examples of such epenthetic phonemes, one in French, one in Ancient Greek
.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><b><font color="#134f5c">Indefinite pronoun in French</font></b></div><div class="gmail_default">French has an indefinite pronoun <i>on </i> [õ] ('someone', 'one', 'we...'), which is parallel in use to German <i>man</i>. Just like <i>man</i> is etymologically related to the noun <i>Mann</i> 'man', areal contact between Gallo-Romance and Germanic dialects resulted in a calque in Old French: this is how Lat. <i>homo</i> > OF <i>hom</i> 'man' (cf. modern Fr. <i>homme</i>) grammaticalized as an indefinite clitic subject <i>om </i> <font size="1">(842, Oaths of Strasbourg) </font>> <i>on</i>.</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Modern French (formal style) has kept a variant </font><i><b><font face="georgia, serif">l’on</font></b></i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> [lõ] which is mostly used for euphonic purposes, often to avoid a hiatus: </font><i>si <b>l</b>'on a envie</i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> 'if we want'; </font><i>pour que <b>l</b>'on puisse partir</i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> 'so one can leave'. This /l/ has no semantic value: it is a free variant used mostly for “stylistic” and phonological purposes. </font></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><a href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/on" target="_blank">The CNRTL</a><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> says “</font><font face="georgia, serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify">La lang[ue] châtiée use volontiers de la var[iante] styl[istique] </span><i style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify">l'on , </i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify">surtout après </span><i style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify">et, où </i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify">et </span><i style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify">si, </i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify">plus rarement après</span><i style="padding:0px;margin:0px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:14px;text-align:justify"> ou, qui, quoi, pourquoi.</i></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">”</font></div></div></blockquote><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default"><br></div><div class="gmail_default">Historically, this /l/ was simply the noun article before <i>hom</i>: (ille homo >) <i>l'hom</i> > <i>l'on</i>.</div><div class="gmail_default"><br></div></div><div class="gmail_default"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><b><font color="#a64d79">Ephelcystic nu in Ancient Greek</font></b></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">Homeric and classical Greek had an optional 'nu' (the phoneme </font><font face="georgia, serif" size="4"><i>ν</i></font><font face="tahoma, sans-serif"> /n/ called </font><i>nu</i><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">) called in French <i>nu éphelcystique</i> ~ <i>euphonique</i>, in English <i>ephelcystic</i> ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_nu" target="_blank"><i>movable</i><i> nu</i></a>. </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">It was found at the end of various verb forms, mostly after high vowels /i, e/: </font></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><ul><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">ἐστί(ν) [esti ~ esti<b>n</b>] 'be:Indic:Prst:3sg' 'he/she is' </font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">εἶπε(ν) [ēpe ~ ēpe<b>n</b>] 'say:Indic:Aor:3sg' 'he/she said' (+all 3sg aorist forms)</font></li><li><font face="tahoma, sans-serif">ἔχουσι(ν) [ekʰōsi ~ ekʰōsi<b>n</b>] 'have:Indic:Prst:3pl' 'they have' (+all 3pl present forms), etc.<br></font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">... and of other forms, incl. pronominal, adverbial, etc:</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><ul><li>(Homeric) σφι(ν) [spʰi ~ spʰi<b>n</b>] 'they:Dat:Pl' 'to them'</li><li>εἴκοσι(ν) [ēkosi ~
ēkosi<b>n</b>] 'twenty'</li><li>etc.</li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This /n/
had no meaning. It was mostly used as an epenthetic consonant to avoid a hiatus, particularly when needed by poetic scansion. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The origins of this ephelcystic <i>nu</i> are opaque, and few references seem to exist. I searched Chantraine's <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/Dictionnaire-Etymologique-Grec/mode/2up" target="_blank">Dictionnaire</a> étymologique de la langue grecque</i>, to no avail. </div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Kuryłowicz wrote a short article, but I don't have access to it (and it's apparently <a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/antiq_0770-2817_1976_num_45_2_1840_t1_0714_0000_2?q=%22%C3%A9phelcystique%22" target="_blank">controversial</a>):</div><div class="gmail_default"><ul><li><font face="times new roman, serif">Kuryłowicz, Jerzy. 1972. L'origine de la nasale éphelcystique. dans <i>Mélanges de linguistique et de philologie grecques offerts à Pierre Chantraine</i>. Paris, Klincksieck. 1972, 75-81.</font></li></ul></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I remember that someone (<a href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ephe_0000-0001_1972_num_1_1_5727" target="_blank">Françoise Bader</a>, I think) had proposed that this ephelcystic /-n/ resulted from the reanalysis of a 3pl suffix (*-nt > *-n) as a 3sg marker, in forms like Hom. ἦεν ('was', <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%A6%CE%B5%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" target="_blank">3sg</a> – but <a href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT383&ots=t9hJO328hv&dq=%E1%BC%A6%CE%B5%CE%BD%20schwyzer&hl=fr&pg=PT390#v=onepage&q=%E1%BC%A6%CE%B5%CE%BD%20schwyzer&f=false" target="_blank">originally a 3pl form</a>). Hopefully other colleagues can provide other references.</div></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div><div><div dir="ltr" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:small;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:small;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left"><div style="font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;font-family:"Segoe UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(51,102,102);font-size:11px;line-height:16.5px"><p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex François</p><p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-decoration:none;font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Sorbonne nouvelle</a><br><a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Australian National University</a><br><a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Personal homepage</a></span></p><hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" size="1"> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, 3 Feb 2020 at 14:10, TALLMAN Adam <<a href="mailto:Adam.TALLMAN@cnrs.fr" target="_blank">Adam.TALLMAN@cnrs.fr</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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Hey everyone,
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<div>I'm asking if anyone has described or found likely cases where some epenthetic segment(s) has/have been exapted from previously meaningful morphology. </div>
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<div>So think of a morpheme that once meant something, becomes semantically bleached, but then acquires a function as an epenthetic element to meet minimality conditions or to avoid vowel hiatus or something else. </div>
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<div>I understand (from wikipedia) that /t/ in French interrogatives comes from habet and could be an example of this and the insertion of /n/ in English after 'a' determiner #vowel is also an example. I'm wondering about more sources on diachronic processes
like these. Also any good sources on the French and English processes would also be helpful.</div>
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<div>best,</div>
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<div>Adam<br>
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<div><font size="2" face="Verdana">Adam James Ross Tallman (PhD, UT Austin)</font></div>
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