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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Dear Ian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">As to the Japanese example, one has to consider that while Japanese vowels do not have obvious allophonic variants (maybe except for unvoiced i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">̥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">
and </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">ɯ̥</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">), consonants have a number of allophonic variants depending
on the following vowel: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">/h/ {xa,
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">çi, ɸɯ, he, ho}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE-AT" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">/t/ {ta, tɕi, tsɯ, te, to}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">/s/ {sa, ɕi, sɯ, se, so}<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Some phoneme combination do not exist, like
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">ɕa, ɕi, tɕɯ, ɕo but not ɕe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Already Bloch stated in 1950 that the adaption of English loans (unlike the earlier, at that time much more massive of Dutch and German ones, cf.
ko:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">çi: < Dutch koffie) led to new phonemes like /ɸ/ or /d̠͡ʑ/ (like in
<i>firumu</i> ‘film’ and <i>jetto</i> ‘jet’) which earlier only had been allophonic variants before certain vowels (Bernard Bloch 1950. Studies in colloquial Japanese. Part 4: Phonemics.
<i>Language</i> 26: 86-125).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Still, Japanese does not distinguish v and b or r and l, which means that the loan raba: can both mean ‘lover’ and ‘rubber’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">German has several phonemes that only occur in loans:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">/x/: [x] is otherwise only is an allophone of /x/ after back vowels but appears word-initially in words like
<i>Junta</i> and place names like <i>Jerez</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Both /ʒ/ and /dʒ/ occur only in loans from French (<i>Genie</i>) and English (<i>Dschungel</i>), resp., but as voiced counterparts of /ʃ/ and
/tʃ/ there is a place for them ‘prepared’ in the system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">German has adapted nasal vowels from French in loans but many speakers tend to replace them with Vŋ (in the case of a͂,
</span><span lang="EL" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">ε</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">͂ and ɔ͂: aŋ,
</span><span lang="EL" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">ε</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">ŋ and ɔŋ in
<i>Chance</i>, <i>Bassin</i>, <i>Balkon</i>) or V:m (in the case of œ͂: y:m as in
<i>Parfum</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Hartmut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>På vegne af </b>joo@shh.mpg.de<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 6. februar 2020 15:38<br>
<b>Til:</b> LINGTYP <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Emne:</b> [Lingtyp] Consonant v. Vowel correspondences in loanwords<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all, <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thank you for replying to my earlier question regarding the rarity of certain phonemes in loanwords. All the comments were very helpful.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">May I ask another question: I would like to know whether in loanwords, <b>consonants correspond more regularly(consistently) to the source consonants than vowels do to the source vowels.</b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">For example, in English loanwords in Japanese, the consonants correspond correspond more or less regularly (systematically) to their English counterparts. English /p t k m n ng/ all correspond to Japanese /p t k m n Ngu/ respectively, with
only a few exceptions.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">But for vowels, the correspondence is less consistent: English /æ/ sometimes corresponds to Japanese /a/ and sometimes to Japanese /e/ (<a href="https://langsci.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1012/2019/05/kaneko.pdf">Kaneko 2006</a>).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I wonder if this can be generalized to state that, in source-loan relationship, consonant correspondences are generally more consistent than vowel correspondences.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I would appreciate any opinion on this.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Regards,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
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