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<p>Ian,<br>
</p>
<p>Presumably the answer depends, at least in part, on the relative
size of the inventories of the source and target languages. Two
examples:</p>
<p>1. In loans from English to Hebrew, there would seem to be less
consistency with the vowels simply because the 13 (or so) English
vowels get collapsed into the 5 Hebrew vowels.</p>
<p>2. Conversely, in loans from Arabic into Indonesian, while the
vowels survive pretty well, lots of the consonantal distinctions
in Arabic get collapsed when adopted into the more limited
consonantal inventory of Indonesian.</p>
<p>You might perhaps wish to look specifically at inventories of
"loan phonemes" (phonemes restricted in their occurrence to loan
words): if I understand your claim correctly, it would seem to
predict that languages should have more "loan consonants" than
"loan vowels". From the extremely limited sample of languages
that I am familiar with, this does seem plausible. For example,
both Hebrew and Indonesian have a handful of loan consonants while
not having any loan vowels. But I wonder how general this is.</p>
<p>David<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 06/02/2020 16:37, <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:joo@shh.mpg.de">joo@shh.mpg.de</a>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:eb05b128-df46-47f6-b527-e99a09f1e896@Spark">
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<div dir="auto">Dear all,
<div dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div dir="auto">Thank you for replying to my earlier question
regarding the rarity of certain phonemes in loanwords. All
the comments were very helpful.</div>
<div dir="auto">May I ask another question: I would like to
know whether in loanwords, <b>consonants correspond more
regularly(consistently) to the source consonants than
vowels do to the source vowels.</b></div>
<div dir="auto">For example, in English loanwords in Japanese,
the consonants correspond correspond more or less regularly
(systematically) to their English counterparts. English /p t
k m n ng/ all correspond to Japanese /p t k m n Ngu/
respectively, with only a few exceptions.</div>
<div dir="auto"><span style="text-align: center; color:
var(--textColor); background-color:
var(--backgroundColor);">But for vowels, the
correspondence is less consistent: English /æ/ sometimes
corresponds to Japanese /a/ and sometimes to Japanese /e/
(<a
href="https://langsci.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1012/2019/05/kaneko.pdf"
moz-do-not-send="true">Kaneko 2006</a>).</span></div>
<div dir="auto"><span style="text-align: center; color:
var(--textColor); background-color:
var(--backgroundColor);">I wonder if this can be
generalized to state that, in source-loan relationship,
consonant correspondences are generally more consistent
than vowel correspondences.</span></div>
<div dir="auto"><span style="text-align: center; color:
var(--textColor); background-color:
var(--backgroundColor);">I would appreciate any opinion on
this.</span></div>
<div dir="auto"><span style="text-align: center; color:
var(--textColor); background-color:
var(--backgroundColor);"><br>
</span></div>
<div dir="auto"><span style="text-align: center; color:
var(--textColor); background-color:
var(--backgroundColor);">Regards,</span></div>
<div dir="auto"><span style="text-align: center; color:
var(--textColor); background-color:
var(--backgroundColor);">Ian</span></div>
</div>
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<br>
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</blockquote>
<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-556825895
Mobile Phone (Indonesia): +62-81344082091</pre>
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