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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It seems most grammars of languages without a written tradition do use punctuation (although minimal) in the examples,
if those are full sentences. Capitalization maybe less systematically, probably for the reason that Katharina has mentioned. “,” are important sometimes to get an idea of the prosody, and the syntactic structure, and I use “…” a lot to mark errors and hesitations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I don’t see the problem of punctuation symbols being also used in the gloss line: in different lines, the same symbols
have different meanings (and a different distribution anyway: “.” Is always used after a word (i.e. before a space) in the example line and within the gloss in a gloss line). The only problem me or my students have been confronted with is when the “-“ is used
in the orthography. If in the gloss line, I usually replace it with “_”, as in “grand_père”. If in the example line, I don’t have an ideal solution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Nice to have this discussion !<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Keep safe,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Françoise<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D;mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">De :</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>De la part de</b> Christian Lehmann<br>
<b>Envoyé :</b> mercredi 25 mars 2020 12:15<br>
<b>À :</b> LINGTYP LINGTYP <LINGTYP@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Objet :</b> [Lingtyp] orthography in formatted examples<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span lang="EN-US">Dear colleagues,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span lang="EN-US">here is a little methodological problem which some may dismiss as trivial but which needs to be solved if we care for standardizing linguistic methodology. It concerns the
orthographic representation of linguistic data, esp. such as are provided with an interlinear gloss.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span lang="EN-US">In the past decades, it has become customary in linguistic publications to omit punctuation in data which are formatted as examples and provided by a gloss, like this:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">quo<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="12%" valign="top" style="width:12.0%;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">usque<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="9%" valign="top" style="width:9.0%;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">tandem<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="21%" valign="top" style="width:21.0%;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">abutere<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">Catilina<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">patientia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="13%" valign="top" style="width:13.0%;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">nostra<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">whither</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">continually</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">finally</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">abuse:FUT:MID.2.SG</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">Catilina:VOC.SG</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">patience(F):ABL.SG
</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">our:F.ABL.SG</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western"><span lang="EN-US">“ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">How far will you continue to abuse our patience, Catiline?” (Cic.
<i>Cat</i>. I, 1)</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">The example is actually taken from a text; and there it is, of course, provided with initial capitalization, with commas in between and with a final question mark. Many of us have gotten accustomed to omitting these things in formatted examples.
My own guidelines for interlinear glosses<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt">christianlehmann.eu/ling/ling_meth/ling_description/grammaticography/gloss/)
</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">also recommend the omission. The practice seems inevitable for a representation of a piece of text which is not in orthography but in some more formal representation, say phonetic or morphophonemic. Here I am talking about
<b>orthographic representations</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">There are some reasons for the practice of omitting punctuation and sentence-initial capitalization in glossed examples:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">These orthographic marks may not figure in the original source:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">There is no published orthographic version which would need to be cited literally; it is just a transcription of a recording. Omission of punctuation signals this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">The quoted stretch of text is not (necessarily) a sentence, be it in its original context, be it in the language system.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">These orthographic marks would confuse the mapping of symbols structuring the interlinear gloss onto the original text line:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">a.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">Punctuation symbols like ‘.’, ‘:’ have a special function in glosses which they do not have in a fully orthographic text line. Others like ‘,’ and ‘!’ are inadmissible in the gloss. If such symbols appeared
in the original text line, they would map on nothing in the gloss line.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:72.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">b.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">Punctuation symbols like ‘-’ should have the same function in the original text and in the gloss.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">(Ad (1b): We are not talking about examples which are just syntagmas below clause level. In some linguistic publications, such examples are provided with a final full stop, too. This is plainly unthinking.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">Here are some reasons for abandoning the ban on punctuation and initial capitalization:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">It makes the language exemplified appear as one which lacks an orthography, thus dangerously evoking the attitude towards „an idiom which does not even have a grammar“.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">Punctuation, of course, fulfills a sensible function in established orthographies: it reflects the syntactic or prosodic structure of a piece of text. Omitting it from an example renders this less easily intelligible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">Whenever a linguistic example is, in fact, quoted from a text noted in established orthography, the quotation should be faithful, including the punctuation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:36.0pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">4.<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US">Current practice allows for exceptions to the principle of suppression of punctuation: at least question marks are commonly set.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">You may know of more reasons for or against the practice of suppression of punctuation and of initial capitalization in linguistic examples, or you may be able to invalidate some of the above. I would be grateful for some discussion which
helps to bring this closer to a recommendation that most of us could share and that would have a chance to find its way into style sheets.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="western" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal">
<span lang="EN-US">Christian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">-- <o:p></o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%">Prof. em. Dr. Christian Lehmann<br>
Rudolfstr. 4<br>
99092 Erfurt<br>
<span style="font-variant:small-caps">Deutschland</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Tel.:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">+49/361/2113417<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">E-Post:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="mailto:christianw_lehmann@arcor.de">christianw_lehmann@arcor.de</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt">Web:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.5pt"><a href="https://www.christianlehmann.eu">https://www.christianlehmann.eu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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