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<div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">Dear Sebastian</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class="">On your question on the distribution of number values. All the evidence available points to the singular being considerably more frequent than the plural overall (though there are plural dominant nouns like
English <i class="">lips </i><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">which show a contrary pattern</span>). The evidence is mainly from Indo-European, but where there is data on non-IE languages, so far the (limited) evidence is for an even greater preponderance
of the singular. Here’s a current summary:</span></div>
<div class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">"Evidence for this general pattern is found in Greenberg (<span style="color: #0000ff" class="">1966</span> :31–32), who gives
data</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">on French, Russian, Latin and Sanskrit, and the list is expanded in Corbett (<span style="color: #0000ff" class="">2000</span>
:281–</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">282) to include Slovene and Upper Sorbian. For those (Indo-European) languages</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class="">
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class=""> the singular is used typically in over 70% of the instances in running text (somewhat</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">lower in Upper Sorbian); 70% is also the approximate figure reported for English</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">(Haskell et al.
<span style="color: #0000ff" class="">2003</span> :125), while 79% is reported for Finnish texts (Räsänen
<span style="color: #0000ff" class="">1979</span> :24),</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">and 91% for the Dagestanian language Hinuq (Forker
<span style="color: #0000ff" class="">2016b</span> :93)."</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class="">
</font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Arial" style="font-size: 14px;" class="">It’s from </font></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-size: 14px;" class=""><font face="Arial" class="">Grevile G. Corbett 2019. </font><span style="text-align: justify;" class="">Pluralia tantum nouns and the theory
of features: a typology of nouns with non-canonical number properties. </span><i style="text-align: justify;" class="">Morphology
</i><span style="text-align: justify;" class="">Volume 29, 1, 51–108.</span><span style="text-align: justify;" class=""> DOI: 10.1007/s11525-018-9336-0. (</span></span> <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11525-018-9336-0" class="">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11525-018-9336-0</a>)</div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class="">It’s Open access so the references can be checked there. As that paper suggests, the fun really starts when other number
values are involved.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class="">So whey would there be apparent counter-evidence?</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class="">1. Some linguists fail to gloss bare stems, so they’d gloss
<i class="">dogs </i><span style="font-style: normal;" class="">as plural but would not gloss the number of
</span><i class="">dog.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class="">2. Similarly in languages where a part of the noun inventory shows “General number” some might (reasonably) not gloss
general when it equals singular, but would gloss plural</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class=""><br class="">
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class="">Very best</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class="">Grev</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 14px;" class=""> .</span></div>
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<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 7 Apr 2020, at 11:22, Sebastian Nordhoff <<a href="mailto:sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de" class="">sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class="">
<div class="">Dear list members,<br class="">
I have done some analyses of endangered language archives (SOAS/ELAR, Nijmegen, Paradisec, AILLA). I retrieved 20k ELAN files with transcriptions and annotations and ran some statistics on the transcription tiers and the translation tiers.<br class="">
<br class="">
Altogether, transcriptions have 2.5 million words; translations have 400.000 words.<br class="">
<br class="">
Here are a number of findings I would like to share:<br class="">
<br class="">
== Graphemes ==<br class="">
<br class="">
- the most frequent grapheme in transcriptions is <a><br class="">
- the next most frequent graphemes are <e>, <i>, <n>, but the order is different between archives.<br class="">
<br class="">
The fact that <a> is the most frequent grapheme is certainly plausible. But I am interested in explanations for the differences between <e>, <i>, <n>. Would we have expected these three, and which order would we have predicted?<br class="">
<br class="">
== Categories ==<br class="">
<br class="">
- the most frequent glossed categories are SG and PL. ELAR and Paradisec have more SG than PL, but TLA/Dobes has more PL than SG.<br class="">
<br class="">
What do members of this list think are the most plausible explanations for the difference here? Does this meet your intuitions about the distribution of number categories?<br class="">
<br class="">
The most popular non-number categories are DEM and PST by the way.<br class="">
<br class="">
== Lexical glosses ==<br class="">
<br class="">
'go' is the most frequent lexical gloss. 'come' is on rank #5, #7, #8 and #12+ in four different archives. 'one' is also a popular gloss. 'say' is popular in ELAR and TLA, but not in PARADISEC. 'then' is found in AILLA, PARADISEC and TLA, but not so much in
ELAR.<br class="">
<br class="">
The dominance of 'go' is plausible, but I was wondering what could explain the relatively reduced frequency of 'say' and 'then' in certain archives.<br class="">
<br class="">
For the time being, all analyses are based on tokens, and there is no control for area or language. I have plans for refining the analyses in the future, but for right now, I would need some input from this list regarding possible explanations or hypotheses
to investigate.<br class="">
<br class="">
Best wishes<br class="">
Sebastian<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
Lingtyp mailing list<br class="">
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