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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">I just want to point out that V-initial structures have been analysed as quite common, if not statistically predominant, for languages like Italian
 and Modern Greek. (Talking about subject-verb inversion in pro-drop languages always has struck me as something difficult to grasp: do you invert first and then drop or do you drop first and invert then?).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D">Pointers to relevant literature (Vattuone, Sasse) in Haberland (2006). Thetic-categorical distinction. In K. Brown (Ed.),
<i>Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</i> (2. ed. ed., Vol. 12, pp. 676-677). Oxford: Pergamon Press.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>På vegne af </b>Ernei Ribeiro<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 12. april 2020 15:23<br>
<b>Til:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Emne:</b> [Lingtyp] Subject-verb inversion with transitive verbs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Dear all,<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Languages like Spanish or Italian have a default, unmarked word order SVO that is most compatible with discourse contexts where no part of the clause is focused. However, these languages
 also display an alternative VS word order in declarative sentences, sometimes depending on discourse context and notions such as topic and focus. This alternative word order is illustrated in (1a) and (1b) with Italian and Spanish examples. Subject-verb inversion
 with transitive verbs is not possible in English, as shown in (1c).<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(1)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">a.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">Ha</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">mangiato</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">un</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">dolce</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">il</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">ragazzo.</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(Italian)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">has</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">eaten</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">a</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">dessert</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">the</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">young man</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">b.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">Sabe</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">la</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">lección</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">María.</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(Spanish)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">knows</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">the</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">lesson</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">María</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">c.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">*<i>In this rainforest can find a lucky hiker the reclusive lyrebird.</i></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">(English)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">It is generally assumed (Barbosa 2009) that languages like Spanish or Italian allow subject-verb inversion with transitive verbs because they have rich agreement, while English or
 French do not allow such inversion because they have poor agreement.<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Subject-verb inversion with transitive verbs is also seen in languages without agreement. Japanese allows subject inversion, as shown in (2ab), while Chinese does not, as seen in (2cd).
 This is clearly related to the fact that Japanese has case morphology on nouns, while Chinese does not.<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(2)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">a.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">Tarō-ga</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">kēki-o</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">tabe-mashita.</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(Japanese)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">Taro-NOM</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">cake-ACC</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">ate</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">b.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">kēki-o</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">tabe-mashita,</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">Tarō-ga</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">cake-ACC</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">ate</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">Taro-NOM</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="410" nowrap="" colspan="4" style="width:307.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">‘Taro ate cake.’</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">c.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">Zhangsan</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">da</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">dianhua</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">le</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(Chinese)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">Zhangsan</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">make</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">phone-call</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">ASP</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">d.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">*da</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">dianhua</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">le</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">Zhangsan</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">make</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="113" nowrap="" style="width:84.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">phone-call</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="103" nowrap="" style="width:77.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">ASP</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">Zhangsan</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="31" nowrap="" style="width:23.15pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="23" nowrap="" style="width:17.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="410" nowrap="" colspan="4" style="width:307.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">‘Zangsan made a phone call.’</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="91" nowrap="" style="width:68.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Note that English and Chinese might sometimes allow subject-verb inversion involving intransitive verbs, as in the English directive inversion in (3a) and the Chinese clause with an
 indefinite subject in (3b).<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="0" style="width:416.15pt;margin-left:4.8pt;border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="36" nowrap="" style="width:26.75pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(3)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="26" nowrap="" style="width:19.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">a.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="244" nowrap="" colspan="3" style="width:183.0pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="color:black">Into the room came two students.</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="250" nowrap="" style="width:187.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(English)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<td width="36" nowrap="" style="width:26.75pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="26" nowrap="" style="width:19.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">b.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="75" nowrap="" style="width:56.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">lai</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="70" nowrap="" style="width:52.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">le</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98" nowrap="" style="width:73.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">keren</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="250" nowrap="" style="width:187.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(Chinese)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
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<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="36" nowrap="" style="width:26.75pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="26" nowrap="" style="width:19.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="75" nowrap="" style="width:56.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">come</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="70" nowrap="" style="width:52.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">ASP</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="98" nowrap="" style="width:73.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">guest</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="250" nowrap="" style="width:187.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.4pt">
<td width="36" nowrap="" style="width:26.75pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="26" nowrap="" style="width:19.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="244" nowrap="" colspan="3" style="width:183.0pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">‘There came (some) guests.’</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="250" nowrap="" style="width:187.2pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:14.4pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">I am searching for possible exceptions to the aforementioned generalizations, that is:<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">(4) Are there languages without agreement and without case morphology on nouns that allow subject-verb inversion with transitive verbs?<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">(5) Are there languages with poor agreement and without case morphology on nouns that allow subject-verb inversion with transitive verbs?<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">(6) Are there languages with rich agreement that DO NOT allow subject-verb inversion with transitive verbs?<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">(7) Are there languages with case morphology on nouns that DO NOT allow subject-verb inversion with transitive verbs?<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Many linguists have noted that it is difficult to define “rich agreement.” For the time being, I will consider agreement to be “rich” if it distinguishes six or more person, number
 and gender combinations, as in the Spanish present tense conjugation of the verb ‘eat’ in (8a). I will consider agreement to be “poor” if it distinguishes five or fewer such combinations, as in the English present tense in (8b).<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="0" style="width:263.75pt;margin-left:4.8pt;border-collapse:collapse">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:15.6pt">
<td width="33" nowrap="" style="width:24.95pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">(8)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="25" nowrap="" style="width:18.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">a.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="49" nowrap="" style="width:36.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">1SG</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">com-o</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="29" nowrap="" style="width:21.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="27" nowrap="" style="width:20.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">b.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" style="width:38.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">1SG</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" style="width:41.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">eat-Ø</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:15.6pt">
<td width="33" nowrap="" style="width:24.95pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="25" nowrap="" style="width:18.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="49" nowrap="" style="width:36.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">2SG</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">com-es</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="29" nowrap="" style="width:21.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="27" nowrap="" style="width:20.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" style="width:38.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">2SG</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" style="width:41.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">eat-Ø</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:15.6pt">
<td width="33" nowrap="" style="width:24.95pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="25" nowrap="" style="width:18.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="49" nowrap="" style="width:36.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">3SG</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">com-e</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="29" nowrap="" style="width:21.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="27" nowrap="" style="width:20.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" style="width:38.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">3SG</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" style="width:41.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">eat-s</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:15.6pt">
<td width="33" nowrap="" style="width:24.95pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="25" nowrap="" style="width:18.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="49" nowrap="" style="width:36.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">1PL</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">com-emos</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="29" nowrap="" style="width:21.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="27" nowrap="" style="width:20.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" style="width:38.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">1PL</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" style="width:41.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">eat-Ø</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:15.6pt">
<td width="33" nowrap="" style="width:24.95pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="25" nowrap="" style="width:18.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="49" nowrap="" style="width:36.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">2PL</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">com-éis</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="29" nowrap="" style="width:21.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="27" nowrap="" style="width:20.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" style="width:38.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">2PL</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" style="width:41.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">eat-Ø</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:15.6pt">
<td width="33" nowrap="" style="width:24.95pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="25" nowrap="" style="width:18.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="49" nowrap="" style="width:36.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">3PL</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="82" nowrap="" style="width:61.8pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">com-en</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="29" nowrap="" style="width:21.6pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="27" nowrap="" style="width:20.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="51" nowrap="" style="width:38.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:black">3PL</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
<td width="55" nowrap="" style="width:41.4pt;padding:.6pt .6pt 0cm .6pt;height:15.6pt;border-width:initial;border-color:initial">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="vertical-align:middle"><i><span style="color:black">eat-Ø</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Reference<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Barbosa, Pilar. "Two kinds of subject pro." Studia Linguistica 63.1 (2009): 2-58.<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph"> <span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Best regards,<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph">Ernei<span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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