<html><head></head><body><div class="ydp7279cdbbyahoo-style-wrap" style="font-family:Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:16px;"><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">Dear all,</div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span style='background-image: none; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;'>I am currently working
on what are called “adverbs” (see words un bold) in wolof literature. Wolof, spoken in Senegal (West
Africa) has specific words that only work with some colors: <i>white</i>, <i>black</i>, <i>red</i> and each
word-adverb match only with its color, they are not </span><span style='background-image: none; color: black; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: rgb(241, 243, 244);'>commutable</span><span style='background-image: none; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;'>.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>weex<b>
tàll</b>:
extremely white (it can't be whiter)</span><span style="background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>ñuul
<b>kukk</b>:
extremely black (it can't be more black)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>xonq
<b>coyy</b>:
extremely</span> red (it can't be more red)</p><p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><span style="background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;"><span style="word-spacing: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; orphans: 2; float: none;">Others words adverbs go with state verbs and are specific to them as well. They are not commutable.</span></span><br style="word-spacing: 0px;"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>
<span><span style="word-spacing: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; orphans: 2; float: none;">baax <b>lool</b></span>: extremely nice (it can't be nicer)</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>bees<b> tàq:</b>
really new (nobody has ever used it)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>dëg<b>ër këcc</b>:
extremely hard (it can't be harder)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>diis<b> gann</b>:
really heavy (very difficult to carry</span>)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>fatt<b> taraj</b>:
extremely blocked (it can't be more blocked)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>fess <b>dell</b>:
extremely full (it can't be fuller)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>forox<b> toll</b>:
really acidic (it can't be more acidic)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>gàtt <b>ndugur</b>:
really short (he can't be shorter)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span>jeex<b> tàkk</b>:
completely finished, <font face='"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif' style="background-color: transparent;">.</font></span><span style='background-image: none; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;'>..</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><br style="word-spacing: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>
<span style="background-image: none; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;"><span style="word-spacing: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; orphans: 2; float: none;">In Wolof they are called intensifiers but this term does not convince me because it can be confusing. They do not intensify the verbs. These words mean that the state or action of the verb is at its end of completude.
</span></span></span><span style='background-image: none; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;'>I would like to know
if there are languages that work like that and what is the terminology used
for this kind of construction. Can someone also recommend me new documentation
on the definition of the concepts of verbs, adverbs, adjectives… in African
languages?</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%"><span style='background-image: none; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;'>Thanks and regards.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
justify;line-height:150%" dir="ltr" data-setdir="false"><span style='background-image: none; line-height: 150%; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; background-repeat: repeat; background-attachment: scroll; background-size: auto; background-color: whitesmoke;'>Aminata </span></p>
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