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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1">Dear Aminata,</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1">The following source and my examples take us away from the adverbs of the Wolof type, but Kamil Stachowski's (2014) thesis
<i>Standard Turkic C-Type Reduplications</i> at <a href="http://info.filg.uj.edu.pl/zhjij/~stachowski.kamil/store/pub/stachowski_k-standard_turkic_c_type_reduplications.pdf">
http://info.filg.uj.edu.pl/zhjij/~stachowski.kamil/store/pub/stachowski_k-standard_turkic_c_type_reduplications.pdf</a> might be of interest. As the title tells us, his study is on reduplication, but on pages 20 and 22 he fleetingly refers to Finnish and Estonian
analogues, which probably (implicitly but seldom explicitly) are usually regarded as a kind of reduplication and compounding.</span></p>
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<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;line-height:115%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1">However, now that I am able to look at my native language from a Wolof perspective, it might also be possible to think that Finnish expressions like
<i>upo<b>uusi</b></i> 'extremely <b>new</b>', <i>supi<b>suomalainen</b></i> 'extremely
<b>Finnish</b>' could consist of adverbial intensifiers of adjective; in fact, non-standard spellings like
<i>upo uusi</i> and <i>supi suomalainen</i> also occur and suggest this alternative interpretation.<br>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;line-height:115%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1">Best regards,</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;line-height:115%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;line-height:115%">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black; mso-themecolor:
text1">Jussi</span></p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>Saatja:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> Alex Francois <alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com> nimel<br>
<b>Saadetud:</b> kolmapäev, 17. juuni 2020 17:01<br>
<b>Adressaat:</b> Majigeen Aminata <aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com><br>
<b>Koopia:</b> Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Teema:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] questions about adverbs</font>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Aminata,</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thanks for an interesting query.</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><b>Mwotlap</b>, an Oceanic language of northern Vanuatu, has several strategies for intensifying its stative predicates (adjectives).</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some are general strategies, that apply to any adjective: for ex.
<i>meh</i> 'too much' can combine with any predicate (<i>too big, too heavy...</i>)</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">But Mwotlap also has a whole set of
<b>lexically-specific intensifiers</b>, very similar to what you describe for Wolof:</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<ul>
<li>thus the intensifier <i>len̄</i> [lɛŋ] is only used with two adjectives meaning 'big, large', namely
<i>liwo </i>and <i>kēkēn <br>
</i>→ <i>kēkēn <b>len̄ </b></i><b> </b>"super-large"</li><li>the intensifier <i>ton̄ton̄</i> [tɔŋtɔŋ] only goes with the stative verb <i>sis</i> 'swell, be full'
<br>
→ <i>sis <b>ton̄ton̄</b></i> "chock-full"</li><li>the intensifier <i>tewiwi</i> [tɛwiwi] goes with <i>yeh </i>'remote' <br>
→ <i>yeh <b>tewiwi</b></i><b> </b>"really far"</li><li>etc.</li></ul>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I guess I would call them
<b>lexically-specific intensifiers</b>. </div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I found 69 of them in Mwotlap; you can find a list in my grammatical description (<a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/data/AlexFrancois_These_DescriptionMwotlap.pdf#page=266">p.266-267</a>,
reference below), under the label <i>intensifs spécifiques</i>.</div>
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<li><font color="#666666"><span style="font-family:"arial narrow",sans-serif">François, Alexandre. 2001. Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours. Une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu. PhD dissertation in Linguistics,
Université Paris-IV Sorbonne. (</span><a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/AFpub_books_e.htm#01" style="font-family:"arial narrow",sans-serif">link</a><span style="font-family:"arial narrow",sans-serif">) </span></font></li></ul>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">When their etymology can be reconstructed, these intensifiers may originate in a former noun, or adjective, or verb:</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="">
<ul style="">
<li style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><i style="">gagah</i> 'ribs' <br>
→ <i style="">newkah <b>gagah</b></i><b style=""> </b>'rib-skinny' = 'very skinny'</font></li><li style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><i>lam</i> 'ocean' <br>
→ <i>nōqōqō <b>lam</b></i><b> </b>'ocean-deep' = 'very deep'</font></li><li style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><i>mēlēglēg </i> 'dark' <br>
→ <i>nemyēpyēp <b>mēlēglēg</b></i><b> </b>'dark-blurry' = 'very blurry'</font></li><li style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><i>mōdō</i> 'orphan' <br>
→ <i>nemgaysēn <b>mōdō</b></i><b> </b>'orphan-sad' = 'really sad'</font></li><li style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><i>yeyey</i> 'quiver'<br>
→ <i>tamayge <b>yeyey</b></i><b> </b>'quiver-old' = 'very old'</font></li><li style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><i>lawlaw</i> 'shiny'<br>
→ <i>nēmnay <b>lawlaw</b></i><b> </b>'shiny-smart' = 'very smart, brilliant'</font></li><li style=""><font face="verdana, sans-serif">…</font></li></ul>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="">
<div class="x_gmail_default" style=""><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</span></div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style=""><span style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some languages would use ideophones for such intensifying uses. But I don't believe that the Mwotlap intensifiers qualify as ideophones.</span><br>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">These words are indeed – as Ekkehard rightly points out – reminiscent of the lexically-specific intensifiers of English, such as
<i>brand new</i>, <i>chock full</i>, <i>boiling hot</i>... French also has <i>rouge sang</i> (intensely red), and phrases like
<i>fier comme Artaban</i>, <i>riche comme Crésus</i>...</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
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<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
<div class="x_gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Alex</div>
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<p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex François</p>
<p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-decoration:none; font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="text-decoration:none">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">Sorbonne
nouvelle</a><br>
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">Australian National University</a><br>
<a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="color:rgb(51,102,204); text-decoration:none">Personal
homepage</a></span></p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">On Wed, 17 Jun 2020 at 13:06, Majigeen Aminata <<a href="mailto:aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com">aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div dir="ltr">Dear all,</div>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="background-image:none; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke">I
am currently working on what are called “adverbs” (see words un bold) in wolof literature. Wolof, spoken in Senegal (West Africa) has specific words that only work with some colors:
<i>white</i>, <i>black</i>, <i>red</i> and each word-adverb match only with its color, they are not
</span><span style="background-image:none; color:black; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:rgb(241,243,244)">commutable</span><span style="background-image:none; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke">.</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>weex<b> tàll</b>: extremely white (it can't be whiter)</span><span style="background-image:none; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>ñuul
<b>kukk</b>: extremely black (it can't be more black)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>xonq
<b>coyy</b>: extremely</span> red (it can't be more red)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="background-image:none; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="word-spacing:0px; white-space:pre-wrap; float:none">Others
words adverbs go with state verbs and are specific to them as well. They are not commutable.</span></span><br style="word-spacing:0px">
</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span><span style="word-spacing:0px; white-space:pre-wrap; float:none">baax
<b>lool</b></span>: extremely nice (it can't be nicer)</span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>bees<b> tàq:</b> really new (nobody has ever used it)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>dëg<b>ër këcc</b>: extremely hard (it can't be harder)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>diis<b> gann</b>: really heavy (very difficult to carry</span>)</p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>fatt<b> taraj</b>: extremely blocked (it can't be more blocked)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>fess
<b>dell</b>: extremely full (it can't be fuller)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>forox<b> toll</b>: really acidic (it can't be more acidic)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>gàtt
<b>ndugur</b>: really short (he can't be shorter)</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span>jeex<b> tàkk</b>: completely finished,
<font style="background-color:transparent" face=""Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif">
.</font></span><span style="background-image:none; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke">..</span><span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br style="word-spacing:0px; white-space:pre-wrap">
</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12pt; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="background-image:none; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="word-spacing:0px; white-space:pre-wrap; float:none">In
Wolof they are called intensifiers but this term does not convince me because it can be confusing. They do not intensify the verbs. These words mean that the state or action of the verb is at its end of completude.
</span></span></span><span style="background-image:none; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke">I would like to know if there are languages that work
like that and what is the terminology used for this kind of construction. Can someone also recommend me new documentation on the definition of the concepts of verbs, adverbs, adjectives… in African languages?</span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="background-image:none; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke">Thanks
and regards.</span></p>
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<span style="background-image:none; line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; background-repeat:repeat; background-size:auto; background-color:whitesmoke">Aminata </span></p>
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