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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">I would agree with Martin here. I think ideophones can have different functions, so just calling them “ideophones” would be only half the story anyway.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">It is also worth mentioning that lexically specific intensifiers may start out with a transparent meaning which is later bleached as the intensifier generalizes.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">In spoken Swedish, the noun
<i>jätte </i>’giant’<i> </i>was prefixed to <i>stor</i> ’big’ as a lexically specific intensifier, but is now frequently used with just any adjective, e.g.
<i>jättebra</i> ‘very good’. Prescriptivists were not happy with combinations such as
<i>jätteliten</i> ‘(lit.) giant small’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<ul style="margin-top:0cm" type="disc">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Östen<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Från:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org>
<b>För </b>Martin Haspelmath<br>
<b>Skickat:</b> den 18 juni 2020 11:21<br>
<b>Till:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Ämne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] questions about adverbs<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Yes, they remind one of ideophones, but it seems that Alex François's term "lexically specific intensifiers" captures best what these forms are (though I would prefer "degree modifiers", to avoid confusion with
self-intensifiers).<br>
<br>
It seems that "ideophones" are generally understood more broadly, because they do not have to be degree modifiers (and maybe more narrowly at the same time, because they have to be "marked", and "depict sensory imagery", according to Dingemanse:
<a href="http://ideophone.org/working-definition/">http://ideophone.org/working-definition/</a>).<br>
<br>
It may be worth studying lexically specific degree modifiers more systematically across languages. Ekkehard König mentioned English "ice-cold", "crystal clear", "pitch-black", and German "hunde-müde" [dog-tired], "stock-dunkel" [stick-dark], and Jussi Ylikoski
mentioned Finnish "upo-uusi" (extremeley new) – these are usually treated as marginal phenomena, but the fact that such lexically specific degree modifiers are found on at least three different continents (Wolof, Mwotlap, English) may point to something more
general.<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
P.S. The term "adverb" is not wrong, but I try to avoid it, because it has been applied to a very heterogeneous range of phenomena.<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Am 18.06.20 um 10:56 schrieb Kofi Yakpo:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Dear Aminata,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">As Dmitry points out, these words would normally be referred to as ideophones in African linguistics. Most ideophones in "African languages" (they are more of an areal than
a genetic feature) are lexically/constructionally restricted in one or the other way, so there is not much need to invent a new label for them besides "ideophone". Colour-specific ideophones can be found in all Atlantic-Congo languages I am familiarity with,
and the European-lexifier creoles of Africa incl. Kriyol (Casamance, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">You could check the work of Mark Dingemanse and the works he cites for an overview of most of the literature. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Kofi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666">————</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666">Dr Kofi Yakpo • Associate Professor</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://arts.hku.hk/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#6FA8DC">University of Hong Kong</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#FFCC66"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666">• </span><a href="http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#6FA8DC">Linguistics</span></a><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#FFCC66"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666">• </span><a href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#6FA8DC">Scholars
Hub</span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#FFCC66"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666">Resident Scholar: </span><a href="http://www.chisuncollege.hku.hk/the-college/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#6FA8DC">Chi
Sun College</span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#FFCC66"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#666666">My publications @ </span><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=yakpo&sort=-publication_date" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#6FA8DC">zenodo</span></a> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/751031" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#6FA8DC">On the Outcomes of Prosodic Contact</span></a> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/85" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#6FA8DC">A Grammar of Pichi</span></a> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Wed, Jun 17, 2020 at 7:07 PM Majigeen Aminata <<a href="mailto:aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com">aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
I am currently working on what are called “adverbs” (see words un bold) in wolof literature. Wolof, spoken in Senegal (West Africa) has specific words that only work with some colors:
<i>white</i>, <i>black</i>, <i>red</i> and each word-adverb match only with its color, they are not
<span style="color:black">commutable</span>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
weex<b> tàll</b>: extremely white (it can't be whiter)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
ñuul <b>kukk</b>: extremely black (it can't be more black)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
xonq <b>coyy</b>: extremely red (it can't be more red)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman ,serif",serif;color:black;background:whitesmoke">Others words adverbs go with state verbs and are specific to them as well. They are not commutable.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman ,serif",serif">baax
<b>lool</b>: extremely nice (it can't be nicer)</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
bees<b> tàq:</b> really new (nobody has ever used it)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
dëg<b>ër këcc</b>: extremely hard (it can't be harder)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
diis<b> gann</b>: really heavy (very difficult to carry)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
fatt<b> taraj</b>: extremely blocked (it can't be more blocked)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
fess <b>dell</b>: extremely full (it can't be fuller)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
forox<b> toll</b>: really acidic (it can't be more acidic)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
gàtt <b>ndugur</b>: really short (he can't be shorter)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
jeex<b> tàkk</b>: completely finished, <span style="font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">
.</span>..<o:p></o:p></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman ,serif",serif;color:black;background:whitesmoke">In Wolof they are called intensifiers but this term does not convince me because it can be confusing. They do not intensify the verbs.
These words mean that the state or action of the verb is at its end of completude.
</span>I would like to know if there are languages that work like that and what is the terminology used for this kind of construction. Can someone also recommend me new documentation on the definition of the concepts of verbs, adverbs, adjectives… in African
languages?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
Thanks and regards.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%">
Aminata <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
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<pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Lingtyp mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre><a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a><o:p></o:p></pre>
</blockquote>
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<o:p></o:p></p>
<pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Martin Haspelmath (<a href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Kahlaische Strasse 10 <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>D-07745 Jena <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>&<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Leipzig University<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>Institut fuer Anglistik <o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>IPF 141199<o:p></o:p></pre>
<pre>D-04081 Leipzig<o:p></o:p></pre>
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