<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Dear Aminata,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">As Dmitry points out, these words would normally be referred to as ideophones in African linguistics. Most ideophones in "African languages" (they are more of an areal than a genetic feature) are lexically/constructionally restricted in one or the other way, so there is not much need to invent a new label for them besides "ideophone". Colour-specific ideophones can be found in all Atlantic-Congo languages I am familiarity with, and the European-lexifier creoles of Africa incl. Kriyol (Casamance, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde).</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">You could check the work of Mark Dingemanse and the works he cites for an overview of most of the literature. <br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Best,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Kofi</div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><font size="1" color="#666666" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">————<br></font></div><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#666666">Dr Kofi Yakpo • Associate Professor</font></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="http://arts.hku.hk/" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">University of Hong Kong</font></a><span style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span></font><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)">• </span><a href="http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Linguistics</font></a><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span></font><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)">• </span><a href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Scholars Hub</font></a><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span><font size="1" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif"><font color="#666666"><br></font></font></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)">Resident Scholar:</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)"> </span><a href="http://www.chisuncollege.hku.hk/the-college/" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">Chi Sun College</font></a><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(255,204,102)">  </span><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"><br></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"><br></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">My publications @ </span><a href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=yakpo&sort=-publication_date" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">zenodo</font></a> <br></div><div><a href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/751031" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">On the Outcomes of Prosodic Contact</font></a> <br></div><div dir="ltr"><div><a href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/85" style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small" target="_blank"><font color="#6fa8dc">A Grammar of Pichi</font></a> <br></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>

</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Jun 17, 2020 at 7:07 PM Majigeen Aminata <<a href="mailto:aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com">aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div><div style="font-family:"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px"><div dir="ltr">Dear all,</div><div dir="ltr">

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">I am currently working
on what are called “adverbs” (see words un bold) in wolof literature. Wolof, spoken in Senegal (West
Africa) has specific words that only work with some colors: <i>white</i>, <i>black</i>, <i>red</i> and each
word-adverb match only with its color, they are not </span><span style="background-image:none;color:black;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:rgb(241,243,244)">commutable</span><span style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">.</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>weex<b>
tàll</b>:
extremely white (it can't be whiter)</span><span style="background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke"></span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>ñuul
<b>kukk</b>:
extremely black (it can't be more black)</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>xonq
<b>coyy</b>:
extremely</span> red (it can't be more red)</p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap;float:none">Others words adverbs go with state verbs and are specific to them as well. They are not commutable.</span></span><br style="word-spacing:0px"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<span><span style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap;float:none">baax <b>lool</b></span>: extremely nice (it can't be nicer)</span></span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>bees<b> tàq:</b>
really new (nobody has ever used it)</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>dëg<b>ër këcc</b>:
extremely hard (it can't be harder)</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>diis<b> gann</b>:
really heavy (very difficult to carry</span>)</p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>fatt<b> taraj</b>:
extremely blocked (it can't be more blocked)</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>fess <b>dell</b>:
extremely full (it can't be fuller)</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>forox<b> toll</b>:
really acidic (it can't be more acidic)</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>gàtt <b>ndugur</b>:
really short (he can't be shorter)</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>jeex<b> tàkk</b>:
completely finished, <font face=""Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif" style="background-color:transparent">.</font></span><span style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">..</span><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><br style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap"></span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif">
<span style="background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap;float:none">In Wolof they are called intensifiers but this term does not convince me because it can be confusing. They do not intensify the verbs. These words mean that the state or action of the verb is at its end of completude.
</span></span></span><span style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">I would like to know
if there are languages ​​that work like that and what is the terminology used
for this kind of construction. Can someone also recommend me new documentation
on the definition of the concepts of verbs, adverbs, adjectives… in African
languages?</span></p>

<p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">Thanks and regards.</span></p><p style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%" dir="ltr"><span style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">Aminata </span></p>

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