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Yes, they remind one of ideophones, but it seems that Alex
François's term "lexically specific intensifiers" captures best what
these forms are (though I would prefer "degree modifiers", to avoid
confusion with self-intensifiers).<br>
<br>
It seems that "ideophones" are generally understood more broadly,
because they do not have to be degree modifiers (and maybe more
narrowly at the same time, because they have to be "marked", and
"depict sensory imagery", according to Dingemanse:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://ideophone.org/working-definition/">http://ideophone.org/working-definition/</a>).<br>
<br>
It may be worth studying lexically specific degree modifiers more
systematically across languages. Ekkehard König mentioned English
"ice-cold", "crystal clear", "pitch-black", and German "hunde-müde"
[dog-tired], "stock-dunkel" [stick-dark], and Jussi Ylikoski
mentioned Finnish "upo-uusi" (extremeley new) – these are usually
treated as marginal phenomena, but the fact that such lexically
specific degree modifiers are found on at least three different
continents (Wolof, Mwotlap, English) may point to something more
general.<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
P.S. The term "adverb" is not wrong, but I try to avoid it, because
it has been applied to a very heterogeneous range of phenomena.<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 18.06.20 um 10:56 schrieb Kofi
Yakpo:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAJFnxY+smpJk0rZ9oA4eo_Navfdx3u80qHa2OJr7w7oLbqEt-g@mail.gmail.com">
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<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Dear
Aminata,</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">As
Dmitry points out, these words would normally be referred to
as ideophones in African linguistics. Most ideophones in
"African languages" (they are more of an areal than a genetic
feature) are lexically/constructionally restricted in one or
the other way, so there is not much need to invent a new label
for them besides "ideophone". Colour-specific ideophones can
be found in all Atlantic-Congo languages I am familiarity
with, and the European-lexifier creoles of Africa incl. Kriyol
(Casamance, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde).</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">You
could check the work of Mark Dingemanse and the works he cites
for an overview of most of the literature. <br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Best,</div>
<div class="gmail_default"
style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Kofi</div>
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<div><font
size="1"
face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"
color="#666666">————<br>
</font></div>
<font size="1"
face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><font
color="#666666">Dr Kofi Yakpo • Associate Professor</font></font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><font
size="1"
face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><a
href="http://arts.hku.hk/" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><font
color="#6fa8dc">University of Hong Kong</font></a><span
style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span></font><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)">• </span><a
href="http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><font color="#6fa8dc">Linguistics</font></a><font
size="1"
face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><span
style="color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span></font><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)">• </span><a
href="http://hub.hku.hk/cris/rp/rp01715"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><font color="#6fa8dc">Scholars
Hub</font></a><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span><font
size="1"
face="arial,
helvetica,
sans-serif"><font
color="#666666"><br>
</font></font></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)">Resident
Scholar:</span><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(102,102,102)"> </span><a
href="http://www.chisuncollege.hku.hk/the-college/"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true"><font color="#6fa8dc">Chi Sun
College</font></a><span
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small;color:rgb(255,204,102)"> </span><span
style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"><br>
</span></div>
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style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"><br>
</span></div>
<div dir="ltr"><span
style="color:rgb(102,102,102);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small">My
publications
@ </span><a
href="https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=yakpo&sort=-publication_date"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><font color="#6fa8dc">zenodo</font></a> <br>
</div>
<div><a
href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/751031"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><font color="#6fa8dc">On the Outcomes of Prosodic
Contact</font></a> <br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div><a
href="http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/85"
style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:x-small"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><font color="#6fa8dc">A Grammar of Pichi</font></a> <br>
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<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, Jun 17, 2020 at 7:07
PM Majigeen Aminata <<a
href="mailto:aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">aminatamajigeen@yahoo.com</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<div style="font-family:"Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px">
<div dir="ltr">Dear all,</div>
<div dir="ltr">
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span
style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">I
am currently working
on what are called “adverbs” (see words un bold) in
wolof literature. Wolof, spoken in Senegal (West
Africa) has specific words that only work with some
colors: <i>white</i>, <i>black</i>, <i>red</i>
and each
word-adverb match only with its color, they are not
</span><span
style="background-image:none;color:black;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:rgb(241,243,244)">commutable</span><span
style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">.</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>weex<b>
tàll</b>:
extremely white (it can't be whiter)</span><span
style="background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke"></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>ñuul
<b>kukk</b>:
extremely black (it can't be more black)</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>xonq
<b>coyy</b>:
extremely</span> red (it can't be more red)</p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span
style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif"><span
style="background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap;float:none">Others words adverbs go with state verbs and are specific to them as well. They are not commutable.</span></span><br
style="word-spacing:0px">
</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span
style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">
<span><span style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap;float:none">baax <b>lool</b></span>:
extremely nice (it can't be nicer)</span></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>bees<b>
tàq:</b>
really new (nobody has ever used it)</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>dëg<b>ër
këcc</b>:
extremely hard (it can't be harder)</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>diis<b>
gann</b>:
really heavy (very difficult to carry</span>)</p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>fatt<b>
taraj</b>:
extremely blocked (it can't be more blocked)</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>fess
<b>dell</b>:
extremely full (it can't be fuller)</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>forox<b>
toll</b>:
really acidic (it can't be more acidic)</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>gàtt
<b>ndugur</b>:
really short (he can't be shorter)</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span>jeex<b>
tàkk</b>:
completely finished, <font
style="background-color:transparent"
face=""Helvetica
Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif">.</font></span><span
style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">..</span><span
style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif"><br style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap"></span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span
style="font-size:12pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New
Roman",serif">
<span
style="background-image:none;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke"><span style="word-spacing:0px;white-space:pre-wrap;float:none">In Wolof they are called intensifiers but this term does not convince me because it can be confusing. They do not intensify the verbs. These words mean that the state or action of the verb is at its end of completude.
</span></span></span><span
style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">I
would like to know
if there are languages that work like that and
what is the terminology used
for this kind of construction. Can someone also
recommend me new documentation
on the definition of the concepts of verbs, adverbs,
adjectives… in African
languages?</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span
style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">Thanks
and regards.</span></p>
<p
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt;text-align:justify;line-height:150%"
dir="ltr"><span
style="background-image:none;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times
New
Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;background-repeat:repeat;background-size:auto;background-color:whitesmoke">Aminata </span></p>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig</pre>
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