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Let's not oversimplify things, Martin. I think the right answer is not to say 'X is the language of scholarship in century Y'. There certainly was a period when Latin was dominant but already in the early 17th century other languages were being used - e.g.
Galileo's 'Dialogo' in 1632 - and until relatively recently there were several languages commonly used before the current dominance of English. The history is well discussed in Michael Gordin's
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Babel: The Language of Science from the Fall of Latin to the Rise of English</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: black;"> Chicago: Chicago University Press (2015). What the OED does is document the various uses but it is not projecting
modern usage back. And it is interesting that it cites a use of 'agreement' as equivalent to 'concord' from the same grammar by Lily that Cysouw cites. Also since there is at least one use of 'agreement' in a specialist journal (Murray in Transactions of the
Philological Society') in 1879, I would conclude that Cysouw is just plain wrong in attributing the first modern use to Bloomfield.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: black;">On the more general issue, I agree with Bernhard and Peter. It is ironic that a couple of years ago I was asked if I would mind giving my invited plenary at a specialist conference on Italian
linguistics in Italian because most of the native speakers had chosen to give their papers in English!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Calibri; color: black;">Nigel</span><br>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>From:</b> Martin Haspelmath <haspelmath@shh.mpg.de><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, June 26, 2020 12:07 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Nigel Vincent <nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk>; lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] languages of scholarship</font>
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<div>Yes, Nigel, but as you know: In the 16th-17th century, English was irrelevant because Latin was the language of scholarship in Europe.<br>
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In the 18th century, English was irrelevant because French was the language of scholarship.<br>
<br>
In the 19th century, English was irrelevant because German was the primary language of linguistics (it was Karl Ferdinand Becker, for example, who made the distinction between "subject" and "object" popular).<br>
<br>
So looking at the OED gives a wrong impression – it appears to project the current supremacy of English back into the past. (Apparently, the established Latin term "concord" needed to be explained to English readers.)<br>
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That's one of the reasons why we should call out common language "Globish". There's no real continuity with "English".<br>
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Martin<br>
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<div class="x_moz-cite-prefix">Am 26.06.20 um 11:58 schrieb Nigel Vincent:<br>
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But the term 'agreement' has been around in writings about grammar for centuries. Here is the relevant entry from the OED:</div>
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<h3><span><strong>6.</strong></span> <em>Grammar</em>. The fact or condition of agreeing in number, gender, case, person, etc., with another element in the sentence or clause. Cf.
<a rel="38345" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/38345#eid8665709"><span><span>concord</span>
<span>n.<sup>1</sup></span> 6</span></a>.</h3>
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<div><span><span>1549 </span> <span>W. Lily</span> <em><a rel="2004814">Shorte Introd. Gram.</a></em> (new ed.) To Rdr. sig. Aiii</span> Lette hym passe to the Concordes, to knowe the
<span>agreement</span> of partes amonge theim selues.</div>
<div><span><span>1669 </span> <span>J. Milton</span> <em><a rel="0000014">Accedence</a></em> 41</span> The
<span>agreement</span> of words together in Number, Gender, Case, and Person, which is call'd Concord.</div>
<div><span><span>1787 </span> <span>H. Blair</span> <em><a rel="2167050">Lect. Rhetoric</a></em> (ed. 3) I. viii. 200</span> When I say, in Latin, ‘Formosa fortis viri uxor’, it is only the
<span>agreement</span>, in gender, number, and case, of the adjective ‘formosa’..with the substantive ‘uxor’..that declares the meaning.</div>
<div><span><span>1879 </span> <span>J. A. H. Murray</span> in <em><a rel="2178421">Trans. Philol. Soc.</a></em> 619</span> In the English ‘the men push the stone,’ we have neither formal expression of the destination [of the action] nor formal
<span>agreement</span> of verb and subject.</div>
<div><span><span>1979 </span> <em><a rel="0005579">Amer. Speech 1976</a></em> <strong>
51</strong> 134</span> Of the nine problems covered, subject-verb <span>agreement</span> receives a thorough treatment.</div>
<div><span><span>2004 </span> <span>H. Barber</span> et al. in M. Carreiras & C. Clifton
<em><a rel="2167052">On-line Study Sentence Comprehension</a></em> xv. 315</span>
<span>Agreement</span> in gender between nouns and adjectives is mandatory in Spanish.</div>
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<div style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:13px">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</div>
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<div id="x_divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Lingtyp
<a class="x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">
<lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> on behalf of Martin Haspelmath <a class="x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">
<haspelmath@shh.mpg.de></a><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, June 26, 2020 11:43 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a class="x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">
lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <a class="x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">
<lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org></a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] languages of scholarship</font>
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<div>Maybe if you're Danish (like Hartmut and Nigel), or were otherwise raised in some small (and rich) European country, then understanding many of these languages is kind of natural.<br>
<br>
But somehow asking *all linguists* to be like this seems Eurocentric to me. Korean/Chinese linguists (like Ian Joo) or African linguists will simply not have the chance to encounter so many languages in which other linguists have written relevant work. (In
Africa, even big languages like Hausa and Yoruba are rarely used for academic purposes, it seems.)<br>
<br>
On the other hand, it's also ethnocentric to only cite work by American linguists and somehow assume that there is nothing else of relevance.<br>
<br>
So what's the solution? I think it must be (i) practical universalism (only use English/Globish), combined with (ii) awareness of the parochialism of English-language traditions.<br>
<br>
As an example of the latter, consider the term "agreement": As I realized only after reading Cysouw (2011) (<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17668/1/thli.2011.011.pdf">https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17668/1/thli.2011.011.pdf</a>),
this term did not exist in linguistics before Bloomfield (1933), and the relevant concepts didn't exist earlier either. Same with "grammatical relation" (due to Chomsky 1965), "focus" (due to Chomsky 1970), and quite a few other terms. Natural as these terms
seem to us, they may not be the results of scientific discoveries that we made, but mostly due to the spread of the English language (and the influence of a few linguists working at rich U.S. universities).<br>
<br>
Universalism and parochialism are in a certain tension, but I think we really need to adopt both at the same time if we want to progress in our scientific understanding of language(s).<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
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<div class="x_x_moz-cite-prefix">Am 26.06.20 um 11:22 schrieb Hartmut Haberland:<br>
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span lang="FR" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Et si l'article porte sur le grec moderne, il doit souvent se référer à la tradition grammaticale grecque (Tzartzanos) ou française (Roussel,
Mirambel). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Restricting oneself to discourses in
<i>one</i> language is myopic. Most linguists really need to read more than just two or three languages to keep up with the relevant literature, but how many do?</span></p>
<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">(Robert E. Wall said in the famous McCawley Festschrift, “More people can make out what it is about in French than actually read it”.)</span></p>
<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">To take a concrete example:
<i>Acta Linguistica Hafniensia </i>was founded in 1939 and its first issue contained papers in German, French and English. Today, it still calls itself an ‘international journal’, but now practically all papers are in English, with very few exceptions. However,
if you take a random issue (51(1), May 2019), apart from one paper specifically dealing with English, there are references to literature in German, French, Greek, Norwegian, and Swedish. So linguists are at least not passively monolingual.</span></p>
<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Hartmut Haberland
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Fra:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp
<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">
<lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org></a> <b>På vegne af </b>Nigel Vincent<br>
<b>Sendt:</b> 26. juni 2020 10:04<br>
<b>Til:</b> Wiemer, Bjoern <a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:wiemerb@uni-mainz.de">
<wiemerb@uni-mainz.de></a>; Gilles Authier <a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com">
<gilles.authier@gmail.com></a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">
lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Emne:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] languages of scholarship</span></p>
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">Et si l'article est sur une langue romane mais les références jugées indispensables sont écrites en allemand ou en danois … ?</span></p>
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</span></p>
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures</span></p>
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">The University of Manchester</span></p>
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><a href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</a></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> Wiemer, Bjoern <<a href="mailto:wiemerb@uni-mainz.de">wiemerb@uni-mainz.de</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, June 26, 2020 9:44 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Gilles Authier <<a href="mailto:gilles.authier@gmail.com">gilles.authier@gmail.com</a>>; Nigel Vincent <<a href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk">nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a> <<a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> AW: [Lingtyp] languages of scholarship</span> </p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">Je pense que oui… Actually, the same applies to articles on (a language from) other language groups (e.g., Slavic) or subgroups (e.g., Scandinavian)…</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D">BW</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif">Von:</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif"> Lingtyp [<a href="mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org">mailto:lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>]
<b>Im Auftrag von </b>Gilles Authier<br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Freitag, 26. Juni 2020 09:35<br>
<b>An:</b> Nigel Vincent <<a href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk">nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk</a>><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] languages of scholarship</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE">Si l'article est sur une langue romane et que les références jugées indispensables sont écrites dans une langue romane, il me semblerait devoir être rejeté, oui.</span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE">On Fri, Jun 26, 2020 at 7:52 AM Nigel Vincent <<a href="mailto:nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk">nigel.vincent@manchester.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">A related question to Ian's that I have sometimes thought about concerns the languages a researcher should be able to read in order to access relevant scholarship.
Should, for example, a paper be rejected or revisions asked for if someone writing in English on a general linguistic topic has not cited relevant work written in a language other than English?</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black">Nigel</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Professor Nigel Vincent, FBA MAE<br>
Professor Emeritus of General & Romance Linguistics<br>
The University of Manchester</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Linguistics & English Language<br>
School of Arts, Languages and Cultures</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">The University of Manchester</span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><a href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html" target="_blank">https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/researchers/nigel-vincent(f973a991-8ece-453e-abc5-3ca198c869dc).html</a></span><span lang="DE"></span></p>
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<p class="x_x_xmsonormal"><span lang="DE">_______________________________________________<br>
Lingtyp mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org" target="_blank">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a><br>
<a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp" target="_blank">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a></span></p>
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<pre class="x_x_moz-quote-pre">_______________________________________________
Lingtyp mailing list
<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org">Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org</a>
<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/mailman/listinfo/lingtyp</a>
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<pre class="x_x_moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="x_x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig</pre>
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<pre class="x_moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="x_moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745 Jena
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig</pre>
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