<div dir="ltr"><div>Dear Ian and all,</div><div dir="ltr"><br></div><div dir="ltr">Isn't it possible to interpret that yo- in Ian's example of Galela is used either as an S/A bound pronoun or as a possessor bound pronoun? In Ainu as well, for example, S/A bound pronouns and possessor bound pronouns have an identical paradigm:<div><br></div><div>k-ek (1SG-come) 'I come'</div><div>k-aki (1SG-younger brother) 'my younger brother'</div><div>e-ek (2SG-come) 'you come'</div><div>e-aki (2SG-younger brother) 'your younger brother'</div><div><br></div><div>Other languages in which a (partially or wholly) identical paradigm is used for S/A bound pronouns and possessor bound pronouns are discussed in Dixon(Basic Linguistic Theory vol.2, 2010, Oxford University Press)'s chapter on possession, according to which it seems to be a cross-linguistically common phenomenon.</div><div><br></div><div>So, it seems to me that the syncretism may lie in bound pronouns rather than in words in such cases (their meanings are distinct: subject (or object) and possessor, if they have an identical form).</div><div><br></div><div>A recent discussion about the class flexibility of noun and verb is found in "Morphology in Typology" by Johanna Nichols (In: The Cambridge Handbook of Morphology, 2016, Cambridge University Press, 710-742), with a lot of references.</div><div><br></div><div>Best,</div><div>Deokhyun</div><div><br></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">2020年7月22日(水) 6:07 David Gil <<a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>>:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>I'm glad Mark brought the parts of speech question up.</p>
<p>There's no good reason to believe that <i>bahasa</i>, a loan
into Galela from the local Ternate dialect of Malay, is
particularly nouny in its (immediate) source language either. I
just looked through our large Ternate Malay corpus (compiled by
Betty Litamahuputty and freely accessible online), and if you
insist on distinguishing nouns from verbs in Ternate Malay, well
there are some examples of <i>bahasa </i>that look nouny but
others that look verby, such as the following:</p>
<p>kong de bahasa Tidore kong de mangamuk<br>
CONJ 3SG language Tidore CONJ 3SG ACT:amok<br>
'She speaks Tidore and goes amok'</p>
<p>In other examples, bahasa may occur with the "medial verbal"
prefix <i>ber-</i> and with the reciprocal marker <i>baku</i>.</p>
<p>David</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 21/07/2020 23:46, Mark Donohue
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">Why do we think that <i>bahasa</i> and <i>bobapo</i>,
in Galela, are nouns?
<div>Based on the evidence, they're not.</div>
<div><font face="arial, sans-serif">(Not saying that they're
verbs, just that, if nouns are "things that don't behave
like verbs", as is implied in the question, then <i style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">bahasa</i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium"> and </span><i style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">bobapo</i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium"> aren't nouns,
in Galela.</span></font></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br>
</font></span></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-size:medium"><font face="arial, sans-serif">-Mark</font></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, 22 Jul 2020 at 01:10,
Joo, Ian <<a href="mailto:joo@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">joo@shh.mpg.de</a>> wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="m_-4366225560486521228_m_1658811129734446647__olk_signature"><span lang="EN-US">Dear all,</span></a><span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US">In Galela
(West Papuan), nouns can be inflected like verbs, as
illustrated below:</span></span><span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US"><img style="width: 6.7343in; height: 3.0416in;" id="gmail-m_-4366225560486521228gmail-m_1658811129734446647Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:1737379fde94cff311" width="647" height="292"></span></span><span><span lang="EN-US"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US">I would like
to know if this is a cross-linguistically common
phenomenon, and if so, what other languages show
similar patterns.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US">From Hong
Kong,</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span><span lang="EN-US">Ian</span></span><span></span><span lang="EN-US"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
</div>
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<pre cols="72">--
David Gil
Senior Scientist (Associate)
Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
Email: <a href="mailto:gil@shh.mpg.de" target="_blank">gil@shh.mpg.de</a>
Mobile Phone (Israel): +972-556825895
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