<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Checking my database of 6950 languages/varieties, I get the following figures (interpreting your question somewhat, keeping the categories [HIGH], [LOW], [FRONT], [BACK] distinct):</font></span></div><div dir="ltr"><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Taking the vowel set to be limited to [</span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ieɛæaɐɑɔou</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">]</span></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Front vowels: 15,127 occurrences</span></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(i, e, </span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɛ, </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">æ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Back vowels: 14,762 occurrences</font></span></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">(</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɑ, ɔ, o, u</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">High vowels: 13,252 occurrences</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(i, u)</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Mid vowels: 15,768 occurrences</span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(</span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">e, ɛ, ɔ, o</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Low vowels: 7,779 occurrences</span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(</span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">æ, a, ɐ, ɑ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">I, for one, don't find this very helpful.</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Sebastian's questions are more easily answered if we look at i</span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ndividual frequencies:</span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">(note: when there is no more explicit information, and no contrast between </span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">e </span><font color="#000000">and</font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"> ɛ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">, or </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">o</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"> and </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">, they are counted as [</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɛ, ɔ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">].)</span></font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">i 6,766 97%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">e 1,846 27%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">ɛ 6,007 86%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">æ 508 7%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">a 6,688 96%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">ɐ 95 1%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">ɑ 361 5%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">ɔ 5,787 83%</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">o 2,128 31%</font></span></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">u 6,486 93%</span><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></font></div><div dir="ltr"><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">And we really should do it separately for different types of vowel systems.</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">For example, there are 2,037 languages in the database with 5 contrasts in quality (in short vowels)</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The most common is </span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="240" style="color:rgb(0,0,0);border-collapse:collapse;width:180pt"><colgroup><col width="40" span="6" style="width:30pt"></colgroup><tbody><tr height="21" style="height:16pt"><td height="21" align="left" width="40" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:bottom;border:none;white-space:nowrap;height:16pt;width:30pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">i</font></td><td align="left" width="40" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:bottom;border:none;white-space:nowrap;width:30pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">ɛ</font></td><td align="left" width="40" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:bottom;border:none;white-space:nowrap;width:30pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">a</font></td><td align="left" width="40" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:bottom;border:none;white-space:nowrap;width:30pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">ɔ</font></td><td align="left" width="40" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:bottom;border:none;white-space:nowrap;width:30pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">u</font></td><td width="40" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:bottom;border:none;white-space:nowrap;width:30pt"><font face="arial, sans-serif">1785 lgs</font></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">All balanced in terms of front/back, and high/mid.</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Of the remaining 252, we start to see asymmetries of the sort that Sebastian is asking about: looking at the languages that are missing just one of the vowels above, we have</span></font></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">missing i: 2 lgs (add </span></font>ə or ɨ)</font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">missing </span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɛ: 26 lgs (12 with </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɨ, 5 with </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ə, 2 with </span>æ, 2 with y, one with ɐ and one with ɯ<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">missing a: 15 lgs (9 with </span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">æ, 5 with </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɑ, 1 with </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɐ</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">missing <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɔ: 62 lgs (4 with o, 23 with </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɨ, 24 with </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ə, 5 with </span>ɒ, 4 with ɤ, 3 with <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">æ, 3 with y, 3 with </span>œ, 1 with ʌ and 1 with ø<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">missing u: 28 lgs (11 with </span></font>ɯ, 11 with <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɨ, 2 with </span>ʉ, 1 each with <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɤ, </span>ɪ, <span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ə and o</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><font color="#000000"><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">If we look at missing-2-of the i-</span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɛ-a-</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɔ-u set, of which there are 76 languages, we find that the most common pattern involves </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">missing </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɔ and u: 30 languages (14 have o and </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɨ, 6 have o and </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ɯ, 5 have o and </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">ə, and a variety of minority patterns</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">)</span></font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">If we look at 3-vowel systems, i-a-u is the most common pattern, but i-a-o is pretty frequent as well, and dominant in some parts of the world (see Ross and Donohue 2011).</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">The point is that we need to look at these things in terms of systems; and it's clear that losing/substituting a canonical back vowel is more common than a front vowel, and that losing/substituting a mid vowel is more common than a high vowel, and that "losing/substituting" a/the low vowel pretty much always means the vowel is more explicitly front, or back, but still low, and so losing a low vowel from the system isn't really a thing that languages do (we can note that there are 16 systems of three-vowel languages, with no high vowels, but only 12 with no low vowels (generally with a schwa).</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">-Mark</font></span></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Ross, Bill, and Mark Donohue. 2011. The many origins of diversity and complexity in phonology. <i>Linguistic Typology</i> 15: 251-265.</font></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:-webkit-standard;font-size:medium"><br></span></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div></div></div></div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr"><font face="arial, sans-serif">On Mon, 14 Sep 2020 at 18:18, Sebastian Nordhoff <<a href="mailto:sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de">sebastian.nordhoff@glottotopia.de</a>> wrote:<br></font></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left-width:1px;border-left-style:solid;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Dear list members,<br>
do we have any information about the cross-linguistic validity of the <br>
following hypotheses?<br>
<br>
1) front vowels like /i/, /e/ are more frequent than back vowels like <br>
/u/, /o/<br>
<br>
2) high vowels like /i/, /u/ are more frequent than mid vowels like <br>
/e/, /o/.<br>
<br>
3) "corner vowels" /a/, /i/, /u/ are more frequent than anything else.<br>
<br>
I am interested in information about types (phonemic inventory) as well <br>
as tokens (counts in texts).<br>
<br>
Best wishes and than you for your time<br>
Sebastian<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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