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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black">Dear Rodrigo, </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black">If it doesn't "matter how loose these assumptions might be or how restricted to a small number of semantic context or complement-taking predicates", Finnic and Saami languages of the
Uralic family do have multiple-purpose conjunctions, often with the primary meaning 'when', e.g. the temporal conjunction
<i>kun</i> in Finnish. However, although there are more specialized subordinators like the mostly causative
<i>koska</i> 'as; because' and the general complementizer <i>että</i>, many languages like my own idiolect of colloquial Finnish also permit the use of
<i>kun</i> 'when; because; as; <span style="font-variant:small-caps">comp</span>'. Here are the translations of your Hausa examples: </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif; color:black"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black">(1) </span>
<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black">Ne <span>
</span>pakeni,<span> </span><span> </span>koska/<b>kun</b> ne <span> </span>pelkäs,
<span> </span>että ne <span> </span>pidätetään. </span></i></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black"> 3PL flee.PST.3 as/<i>kun</i>
<span> </span>3PL fear.PST.3 COMP 3PL arrest.PASS </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black"> '<b>As</b> they are afraid of being arrested, they fled.' </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black">(2) </span>
<i><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black">Mä <span>
</span>ihmettelen, että/<b>kun</b> ne <span> </span>lähtee näin aikaisin. </span></i></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New"; color:black"> 1SG wonder.1SG
<span> </span>COMP/<i>kun</i> 3PL go.3 <span> </span>this early </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Courier New""> 'I am surprised <b>
that</b> they go out (this) early.' </span></p>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">(My examples are in colloquial Finnish, as I believe that some local purists would oppose my examples if they were presented as standard Finnish.) </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Unfortunately, I suppose that few people dare to say which way these functions have developed. </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Best regards, </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Jussi <br>
</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><br>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>Frá:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> fyrir hönd tiritiri trauntraun <hernaitz@hotmail.com><br>
<b>Sent:</b> miðvikudagur, 23. september 2020 12:03<br>
<b>Til:</b> lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org <lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org><br>
<b>Efni:</b> [Lingtyp] From causal to complement markers</font>
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Dear all, </p>
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I’m interested in finding examples of languages for which it might be assumed (either tacitly or explicitly) that elements marking complement clauses are directly derived from markers of causal clauses, as in (1) and (2): </p>
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<span style=""> </span>Hausa (Chadic, Afroasiatic). Abdoulaye 2008. </p>
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<span style="" lang="ES">(1) <span style=""> </span><b>Dà</b> su-kèe tsòoro-n à kaamàa su, sun gudù. </span></p>
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<span style=""><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><b>as</b> 3p-</span><span style="font-size:11pt; line-height:normal">RI
</span><span style="">fear-of imp.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; line-height:normal">SBJ
</span><span style="">arrest 3p 3p.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; line-height:normal">CPL
</span><span style="">flee </span></p>
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<span style=""><span style=""> </span>'<b>As</b> they are afraid of being arrested, they fled.' </span></p>
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<span style="">(2) Naa yi màamaakìi <b>dà</b> su-kèe fìtaa dà wuri. </span></p>
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<span style=""><span style=""> </span>1s.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; line-height:normal">CPL
</span><span style="">do surprise <b>as</b> 3p-</span><span style="font-size:11pt; line-height:normal">RI
</span><span style="">go.out at early </span></p>
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<span style=""><span style=""> </span>'I am surprised <b>that</b> they go out early.' </span></p>
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<span style=""><br>
</span></p>
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For Hausa, Abdoulaye assumes that <i>dà</i> in (2) functions as a complementizer, and that this is a ‘secondary’ extension from a causal source (1). Similar interpretations can be found for Latin (<i>quod</i>,
<i>quia</i>) or for a number of Semitic languages (e.g., Hebrew, Amharic or Akkadian). Schmidtke-Bode (2014) also mentions other possible cases, like Epena Pedee. </p>
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I’d be very grateful to hear about any other potential cases, no matter how loose these assumptions might be or how restricted to a small number of semantic context or complement-taking predicates. </p>
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<span style="color:black; background:white">Many thanks! </span></p>
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<span style="color:black; background:white">Best, </span></p>
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<span style="color:black; background:white"> </span></p>
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<span style="color:black; background:white">Rodrigo Hernáiz </span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D; border:none windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm">Lecturer in Languages and Linguistics</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background:white">
<span><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D; border:none windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm">School of Languages and Applied Linguistics</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; font-size:12pt; margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#1F497D; border:none windowtext 1.0pt; padding:0cm"><span><span>The Open University</span> </span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:black"><a href="mailto:rodrigo.hernaiz-gomez@open.ac.uk">rodrigo.hernaiz-gomez@open.ac.uk</a> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif; color:#0078D4; background:#EDEBE9"> </span></p>
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<font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><span style="font-size:10pt; background-color:white"> </span></font></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt; line-height:17.12px">
<span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; line-height:normal; color:rgb(0,0,0)">Abdoulaye, M. L. (2008).</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; line-height:normal; color:rgb(0,0,0)"><i> </i></span><font face="Times New Roman, serif" color="#000000"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; line-height:normal; color:rgb(0,0,0)"><i>Origin
of relative marking in Hausa</i></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; line-height:normal; color:rgb(0,0,0)">. (https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259490)</span></font><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; line-height:normal; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;margin:0cm 0cm 8pt"><span style="margin:0px; font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">Schmidtke-Bode, K. (2014)</span><span style="margin:0px; font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)">. </span><font face="Times New Roman, serif" color="#000000"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)"><i>Complement
clauses and complementation systems: A cross-linguistic study of grammatical organization</i></span></font><span style="margin:0px; font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> (Doctoral dissertation, Thüringer Universitäts-und
Landesbibliothek Jena).</span><span style="margin:0px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:12pt; color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </span></span></p>
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