<div dir="ltr">In Yahgan (genetic isolate, Tierra del Fuego), the free verb a:kina (colon marks tenseness of vowel preceding it, -na is a verbalizer) means 'do, make, work'. Suffixes -a, -a:ki are multifunctional. One use is as instrumental, another marks result of some action. -da/ -da:gi mark 'like X'. Then there is verb suffix -da:gia 'because, as' as well as free form tasaia, ta:saia 'as, like, in the same way as'. And suffix -ata marks Aktsionsart, especially semelfactive (the start or ending of some action). All these forms seem to be historically interrelated, but there is no way to surely do an internal reconstruction currently.<div><br></div><div>Jess Tauber</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Sep 26, 2020 at 1:29 PM tiritiri trauntraun <<a href="mailto:hernaitz@hotmail.com">hernaitz@hotmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
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Dear all,<u></u> <u></u></p>
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I’m interested in finding examples of languages for which it might be assumed (either tacitly or explicitly) that elements marking complement clauses are directly derived from markers of causal clauses, as in (1) and (2):<u></u> <u></u></p>
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<span> </span>Hausa (Chadic, Afroasiatic). Abdoulaye 2008.<u></u> <u></u></p>
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<span lang="ES">(1)
<span> </span><b>Dà</b> su-kèe tsòoro-n à kaamàa su, sun gudù.<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span><span>
</span><span> </span><b>as</b> 3p-</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:normal">RI
</span><span>fear-of imp.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:normal">SBJ
</span><span>arrest 3p 3p.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:normal">CPL
</span><span>flee<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span><span>
</span>'<b>As</b> they are afraid of being arrested, they fled.'<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span>(2) Naa yi màamaakìi
<b>dà</b> su-kèe fìtaa dà wuri.<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span><span>
</span>1s.</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:normal">CPL </span><span>do surprise
<b>as</b> 3p-</span><span style="font-size:11pt;line-height:normal">RI </span>
<span>go.out at early<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span><span>
</span>'I am surprised <b>that</b> they go out early.'<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span><u></u><br>
<u></u></span></p>
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For Hausa, Abdoulaye assumes that <i>dà</i> in (2) functions as a complementizer, and that this is a ‘secondary’ extension from a causal source (1). Similar interpretations can be found for Latin (<i>quod</i>,
<i>quia</i>) or for a number of Semitic languages (e.g., Hebrew, Amharic or Akkadian). Schmidtke-Bode (2014) also mentions other possible cases, like Epena Pedee.
<u></u> <u></u></p>
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I’d be very grateful to hear about any other potential cases, no matter how loose these assumptions might be or how restricted to a small number of semantic context or complement-taking predicates.
<u></u> <u></u></p>
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<span style="color:black;background:white">Many thanks!<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span style="color:black;background:white">Best,<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span style="color:black;background:white"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
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<span style="color:black;background:white">Rodrigo Hernáiz<u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125);border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm">Lecturer
in Languages and Linguistics</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;background:white">
<span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125);border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm">School
of Languages and Applied Linguistics</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125);border:1pt none windowtext;padding:0cm"><span><span>The
Open University</span><u></u> <u></u></span></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;color:black"><a href="mailto:rodrigo.hernaiz-gomez@open.ac.uk" target="_blank">rodrigo.hernaiz-gomez@open.ac.uk</a><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-size:12pt;margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,120,212);background:rgb(237,235,233)"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;background-image:initial;background-position:initial;background-size:initial;background-repeat:initial;background-origin:initial;background-clip:initial">
<u></u><font color="#000000" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:10pt;background-color:white"> </span></font></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:17.12px"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Abdoulaye, M. L. (2008).</span><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><i> </i></span><font color="#000000" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><i>Origin
of relative marking in Hausa</i></span><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0)">. (<a href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259490" target="_blank">https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00259490</a>)</span></font><u></u><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </span><u></u></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt"><span style="margin:0px;font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">Schmidtke-Bode, K. (2014)</span><span style="margin:0px;font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)">. </span><font color="#000000" face="Times New Roman, serif"><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"><i>Complement
clauses and complementation systems: A cross-linguistic study of grammatical organization</i></span></font><span style="margin:0px;font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"> (Doctoral dissertation, Thüringer Universitäts-und
Landesbibliothek Jena).</span><span style="margin:0px"><u></u><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </span><u></u></span></p>
<u></u>
<p></p>
<p style="margin:0cm 0cm 8pt;line-height:107%"><u></u><span style="font-family:Calibri,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12pt;line-height:normal;color:rgb(0,0,0)"> </span><u></u></p>
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