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<p>In Latin this is a quite standard procedure: Triste [est] lupus
stabulis, maturis frugibus [sunt] imbres (Vergil, Bucol. III 80)</p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>Raffaele<br>
</p>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Il 27/09/2020 10:49, paolo Ramat ha
scritto:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAEaecYFBvqzOmpWGfyBZE=AJYtSGDYM0H6gUtTkBiu1Mdtk49g@mail.gmail.com">
<div dir="ltr">1) Ital.<i> Superman alla riscossa ! </i>(could be
a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their
news in these form).
<div>2) Ital. <i>Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i> (imperat.)</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Actually, non verbal predication is known in many
languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld, <i>Non verbal
predication.</i> De Gruyter. And look in Google at
"non-verbal predication" for further literature.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>Paolo</div>
<div><br clear="all">
<div>
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat
<div>
<div> Università di Pavia (retired)</div>
<div>Istituto Universitario Studi
Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div>
<div>Accademia dei Lincei, Socio
corrispondente<br>
<div>'Academia Europaea'</div>
<div>'Societas Linguistica Europaea',
Honorary Member</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div>
<div>##39 0382 27027</div>
<div>347 044 98 44</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
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<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle
ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" moz-do-not-send="true">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>>
ha scritto:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Ian,</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">> <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><i>I
wonder if there has been any literature on the
construction where there is no verb, but only an NP
and a PP</i></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Interesting
question.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In English, those
constructions are particular: they are arguably
elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative –
rather than declarative…</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Yet in many
languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian)
family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal
syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the
predicate itself.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thus <b>Mwotlap</b>
(Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br>
<font size="1"> (square brackets = limits of the predicate
phrase)
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(1) </font><b><font color="#990000">Imam
mino [</font><font color="#0000ff">mi </font><font color="#990000">tēytēybē].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
father my with doctor</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “My father
is/was with the doctor.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font color="#990000"><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(2) </font><b><font color="#990000">na-tan̄
nōnōm [</font><font color="#0000ff">lelo</font><font color="#990000"> siok].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
Art-bag your inside canoe</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “Your bag is
in the canoe.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">Likewise, <b>Araki </b>(Oceanic;
Santo, Vanuatu) says:</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(3) </font><b><font color="#990000">Sari nene [</font><font color="#0000ff">m̈ar̄a </font><font color="#990000">m̈aji]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
spear this for fish</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “This spear is for
fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><b>Teanu </b>(Oceanic ;
Temotu, Solomons) would have:</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(4) </font><b><font color="#990000">Datilu [</font><font color="#0000ff">pe </font><font color="#990000">Iura]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
3dual from Vanuatu</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “They were from
Vanuatu.”</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">These are all
prepositional predicates, translated in English as <i>BE</i> +
prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Their syntax is
typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf.
Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate
slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike
European languages, where the predicative function in
declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Those languages
which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to
the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn
non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I <u>was</u>
with them"; happy > "she <u>is</u> happy"; rice
> "this <u>is</u> rice"; home > "we <u>were</u>
home". </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This operation
(turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably
the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997);
this is the <i>raison d'être</i> of <i>être</i>.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In omnipredicative
languages, words like <i>with</i>, <i>happy, rice</i>
and <i>home</i> would simply head the predicate, making
the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a
typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a
verb Be in the first place.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">NB: in languages
where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the
reverse order {<u>PP</u> NP}. Example in Tahitian:</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(5) <b><font color="#990000">[</font><font color="#0000ff">Nō</font><font color="#990000"> tō'u fenua] teie mā'a.</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> from
my country this food</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “This food
is from my country.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Here again, the
preposition (<i>nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some references:</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<ul>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>Launey</b>,
Michel. 1994. <i>Une grammaire omniprédicative:
Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>.
Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>Lemaréchal</b>,
Alain. 1989. <i>Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et
sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris:
Presses Universitaires de France.<br>
</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif">
—— 1997. <i>Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle.
Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<br>
</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>François</b>,
Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux
dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques
François & Irmtraud Behr, <i>Les constituants
prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>.
Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris.
Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif">—— 2017.
The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu:
Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van
Lier (ed.), <i>Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic
Languages</i>. Special issue of <i>Studies in
Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</font></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">__________</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I realise that these
Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your
English examples [<i>Your legs off the table!</i>], and
yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The contrast –
whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth
exploring.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:small;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade="noshade" align="left">
<div style="font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;font-family:"Segoe
UI",Verdana,"Trebuchet
MS",Tahoma,sans-serif;color:rgb(51,102,102);font-size:11px;line-height:16.5px">
<p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex
François</p>
<p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-decoration:none;font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Sorbonne
nouvelle</a><br>
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Australian
National University</a><br>
<a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Academia
page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Personal
homepage</a></span></p>
<hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" size="1"> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<br>
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<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at
23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:inherit">Dear
all,</span><br>
</div>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">I wonder if there has been any
literature on the construction where there is
no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">(1) Superman to the rescue!</div>
<div dir="ltr">(2) Your legs off the table!</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">Of course, not only in English,
but in any language. I would appreciate your
help.</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">From Hong Kong,</div>
<div dir="ltr">Ian</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
===============
Emeritus Professor, Università Roma Tre
Hon C Lund University
Membre de l'Académie Royale de Belgique
Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France
Accademico della Crusca
===============
Attività e pubblicazioni // Activity and publications <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone">http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone</a></pre>
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