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    <p>In Latin this is a quite standard procedure: Triste [est] lupus
      stabulis, maturis frugibus [sunt] imbres (Vergil, Bucol. III 80)</p>
    <p>Best,</p>
    <p>Raffaele<br>
    </p>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Il 27/09/2020 10:49, paolo Ramat ha
      scritto:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAEaecYFBvqzOmpWGfyBZE=AJYtSGDYM0H6gUtTkBiu1Mdtk49g@mail.gmail.com">
      
      <div dir="ltr">1) Ital.<i> Superman alla riscossa ! </i>(could be
        a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their
        news in these form).
        <div>2) Ital. <i>Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i> (imperat.)</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>Actually, non verbal predication is known in many
          languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld, <i>Non verbal
            predication.</i> De Gruyter. And look in Google at
          "non-verbal predication" for further literature.</div>
        <div><br>
        </div>
        <div>Best,</div>
        <div>Paolo</div>
        <div><br clear="all">
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                          <div dir="ltr">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat
                            <div>
                              <div> Università di Pavia (retired)</div>
                              <div>Istituto Universitario Studi
                                Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div>
                              <div>Accademia dei Lincei, Socio
                                corrispondente<br>
                                <div>'Academia Europaea'</div>
                                <div>'Societas Linguistica Europaea',
                                  Honorary Member</div>
                              </div>
                            </div>
                            <div>piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div>
                            <div>##39 0382 27027</div>
                            <div>347 044 98 44</div>
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      <div class="gmail_quote">
        <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle
          ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" moz-do-not-send="true">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>>
          ha scritto:<br>
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        <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px
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            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Ian,</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">> <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><i>I
                  wonder if there has been any literature on the
                  construction where there is no verb, but only an NP
                  and a PP</i></span></div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Interesting
              question.</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In English, those
              constructions are particular:  they are arguably
              elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative –
              rather than declarative…</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Yet in many
              languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian)
              family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal
              syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the
              predicate itself.</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thus <b>Mwotlap</b>
              (Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br>
              <font size="1"> (square brackets = limits of the predicate
                phrase)
              </font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(1)  </font><b><font color="#990000">Imam 
                      mino   [</font><font color="#0000ff">mi   </font><font color="#990000">tēytēybē].</font></b></font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">   
                 father  my     with doctor</font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">        “My father
              is/was with the doctor.”</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font color="#990000"><br>
              </font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(2)  </font><b><font color="#990000">na-tan̄ 
                     nōnōm  [</font><font color="#0000ff">lelo</font><font color="#990000">   siok].</font></b></font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">   
                 Art-bag  your   inside  canoe</font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">        “Your bag is
              in the canoe.”</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
              <div class="gmail_default">
                <div class="gmail_default"><br>
                </div>
                <div class="gmail_default">Likewise, <b>Araki </b>(Oceanic;
                  Santo, Vanuatu) says:</div>
                <div class="gmail_default"><br>
                </div>
                <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(3)  </font><b><font color="#990000">Sari   nene   [</font><font color="#0000ff">m̈ar̄a  </font><font color="#990000">m̈aji]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
                  </font></div>
                <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">   
                     spear  this    for   fish</font></div>
                <div class="gmail_default">        “This spear is for
                  fish.”  (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</div>
                <div class="gmail_default"><br>
                </div>
                <div class="gmail_default">
                  <div class="gmail_default"><b>Teanu  </b>(Oceanic ;
                    Temotu, Solomons) would have:</div>
                  <div class="gmail_default"><br>
                  </div>
                  <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(4)  </font><b><font color="#990000">Datilu   [</font><font color="#0000ff">pe   </font><font color="#990000">Iura]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
                    </font></div>
                  <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">   
                       3dual    from  Vanuatu</font></div>
                  <div class="gmail_default">        “They were from
                    Vanuatu.”</div>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">These are all
              prepositional predicates, translated in English as <i>BE</i> +
              prep.  (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Their syntax is
              typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf.
              Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl),  languages where the predicate
              slot can be headed by various lexical classes  —  unlike
              European languages, where the predicative function in
              declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Those languages
              which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to
              the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn
              non-predicative phrases into a predicate:  with > "I <u>was</u>
              with them";   happy > "she <u>is</u> happy";  rice
              > "this <u>is</u> rice";   home > "we <u>were</u>
              home".  </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This operation
              (turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably
              the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997); 
              this is the <i>raison d'être</i> of <i>être</i>.</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In omnipredicative
              languages, words like <i>with</i>, <i>happy, rice</i>
              and <i>home</i> would simply head the predicate, making
              the whole copula operation superfluous.  This is why a
              typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a
              verb Be in the first place.</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">NB:  in languages
              where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the
              reverse order {<u>PP</u> NP}.  Example in Tahitian:</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(5)  <b><font color="#990000">[</font><font color="#0000ff">Nō</font><font color="#990000">   tō'u  fenua]   teie  mā'a.</font></b></font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">     from 
                my    country  this  food</font></div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">        “This food
              is from my country.”</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Here again, the
              preposition (<i>nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some references:</div>
            <div class="gmail_default">
              <ul>
                <li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>Launey</b>,
                    Michel. 1994. <i>Une grammaire omniprédicative:
                      Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>.
                    Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</font></li>
                <li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>Lemaréchal</b>,
                    Alain. 1989. <i>Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et
                      sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris:
                    Presses Universitaires de France.<br>
                  </font></li>
                <li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif">
                    —— 1997. <i>Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle.
                    Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<br>
                  </font></li>
                <li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>François</b>,
                    Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux
                    dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques
                    François & Irmtraud Behr, <i>Les constituants
                      prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>.
                    Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris.
                    Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</font></li>
                <li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif">—— 2017.
                    The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu:
                    Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van
                    Lier (ed.), <i>Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic
                      Languages</i>. Special issue of <i>Studies in
                      Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</font></li>
              </ul>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
              <div class="gmail_default">__________</div>
              <div class="gmail_default"><br>
              </div>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I realise that these
              Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your
              English examples [<i>Your legs off the table!</i>], and
              yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial.  </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The contrast –
              whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth
              exploring.</div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
            </div>
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
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                                  <div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></div>
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                                          <p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex
                                            François</p>
                                          <p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-decoration:none;font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Sorbonne
                                                nouvelle</a><br>
                                              <a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Australian
                                                National University</a><br>
                                              <a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Academia
                                                page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">Personal
                                                homepage</a></span></p>
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          <div class="gmail_quote">
            <div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at
              23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>
              wrote:<br>
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                    <div dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:inherit">Dear
                        all,</span><br>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                  <div id="gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946">
                    <div dir="ltr">
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                        <div dir="ltr">I wonder if there has been any
                          literature on the construction where there is
                          no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:</div>
                        <div dir="ltr"><br>
                        </div>
                        <div dir="ltr">(1) Superman to the rescue!</div>
                        <div dir="ltr">(2) Your legs off the table!</div>
                        <div dir="ltr"><br>
                        </div>
                        <div dir="ltr">Of course, not only in English,
                          but in any language. I would appreciate your
                          help.</div>
                        <div dir="ltr"><br>
                        </div>
                        <div dir="ltr">From Hong Kong,</div>
                        <div dir="ltr">Ian</div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
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      <pre class="moz-quote-pre" wrap="">_______________________________________________
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</pre>
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    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
===============
Emeritus Professor, Università Roma Tre
Hon C Lund University
Membre de l'Académie Royale de Belgique
Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France
Accademico della Crusca
===============
Attività e pubblicazioni // Activity and publications <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone">http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone</a></pre>
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