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<p>What I find interesting is that in such verbless NP-PP (or NP-Adv) constructions, the NP can occur in a (sometimes colloquial) variety with an instrumental/comitative marker, at least in German and English, but obviously also in other languages, e.g.:</p>
<p><br>
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<p>1.a. (Die) Füsse runter vom Tisch!<br>
</p>
<p>1.b. Mit den Füssen runter vom Tisch!</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>2.a. Hände hoch!</p>
<p>2.b. Hoch mit den Händen!<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>3.a. Kopf ab! / Rübe ab!</p>
<p>3.b. Ab mit der Rübe!</p>
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</p>
<p>4.a. Head(s) off!</p>
<p>4.b. Off with the head(s)!</p>
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</p>
<p>Sometimes, there seems to be no "simple" version without the instrumental marker, e.g.:</p>
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<p>5.a. 'Raus mit euch!</p>
<p>("*Ihr 'raus (von hier)" would be possible but sounds odd)</p>
<p>('raus is the colloquial abbreviation of "heraus" = "out of")<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>Ludwig Paul</p>
<p>Hamburg<br>
</p>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>Von:</b> Lingtyp <lingtyp-bounces@listserv.linguistlist.org> im Auftrag von paolo Ramat <paolo.ramat@unipv.it><br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Sonntag, 27. September 2020 10:49:11<br>
<b>An:</b> Alex Francois<br>
<b>Cc:</b> Lingtyp@listserv.linguistlist.org<br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</font>
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<div dir="ltr">1) Ital.<i> Superman alla riscossa ! </i>(could be a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their news in these form).
<div>2) Ital. <i>Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i> (imperat.)</div>
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<div>Actually, non verbal predication is known in many languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld,
<i>Non verbal predication.</i> De Gruyter. And look in Google at "non-verbal predication" for further literature.</div>
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<div>Best,</div>
<div>Paolo</div>
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<div dir="ltr">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat
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<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:<br>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Ian,</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">> <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><i>I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP</i></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Interesting question.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In English, those constructions are particular: they are arguably elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative – rather than declarative…</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Yet in many languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian) family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the predicate itself.</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thus <b>Mwotlap</b> (Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br>
<font size="1"> (square brackets = limits of the predicate phrase) </font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(1) </font>
<b><font color="#990000">Imam mino [</font><font color="#0000ff">mi </font><font color="#990000">tēytēybē].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> father my with doctor</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “My father is/was with the doctor.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font color="#990000"><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(2) </font>
<b><font color="#990000">na-tan̄ nōnōm [</font><font color="#0000ff">lelo</font><font color="#990000"> siok].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> Art-bag your inside canoe</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “Your bag is in the canoe.”</div>
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<div class="gmail_default"></div>
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<div class="gmail_default">Likewise, <b>Araki </b>(Oceanic; Santo, Vanuatu) says:</div>
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<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(3) </font><b><font color="#990000">Sari nene [</font><font color="#0000ff">m̈ar̄a
</font><font color="#990000">m̈aji]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> spear this for fish</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “This spear is for fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</div>
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<div class="gmail_default"><b>Teanu </b>(Oceanic ; Temotu, Solomons) would have:</div>
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<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(4) </font><b><font color="#990000">Datilu [</font><font color="#0000ff">pe </font><font color="#990000">Iura]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> 3dual from Vanuatu</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “They were from Vanuatu.”</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">These are all prepositional predicates, translated in English as
<i>BE</i> + prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Their syntax is typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf. Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike European
languages, where the predicative function in declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Those languages which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I
<u>was</u> with them"; happy > "she <u>is</u> happy"; rice > "this <u>is</u> rice"; home > "we
<u>were</u> home". </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This operation (turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997); this is the
<i>raison d'être</i> of <i>être</i>.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In omnipredicative languages, words like
<i>with</i>, <i>happy, rice</i> and <i>home</i> would simply head the predicate, making the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a verb Be in the first place.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">NB: in languages where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the reverse order {<u>PP</u> NP}. Example in Tahitian:</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
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<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(5) <b><font color="#990000">[</font><font color="#0000ff">Nō</font><font color="#990000"> tō'u fenua] teie mā'a.</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> from my country this food</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “This food is from my country.”</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Here again, the preposition (<i>nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some references:</div>
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<ul>
<li><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1"><b>Launey</b>, Michel. 1994. <i>Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>. Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</font></li><li><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1"><b>Lemaréchal</b>, Alain. 1989. <i>
Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.<br>
</font></li><li><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">—— 1997. <i>Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<br>
</font></li><li><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1"><b>François</b>, Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques François & Irmtraud Behr,
<i>Les constituants prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</font></li><li><font face="verdana, sans-serif" size="1">—— 2017. The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu: Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van Lier (ed.),
<i>Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic Languages</i>. Special issue of <i>Studies in Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</font></li></ul>
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<div class="gmail_default">__________</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I realise that these Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your English examples [<i>Your legs off the table!</i>], and yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The contrast – whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth exploring.</div>
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<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
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<font size="2">Alex</font></div>
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<p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex François</p>
<p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-decoration:none;font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Sorbonne
nouvelle</a><br>
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Australian National University</a><br>
<a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Academia page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Personal
homepage</a></span></p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at 23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:inherit">Dear all,</span><br>
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<div dir="ltr">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:</div>
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<div dir="ltr">(1) Superman to the rescue!</div>
<div dir="ltr">(2) Your legs off the table!</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Of course, not only in English, but in any language. I would appreciate your help.</div>
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<div dir="ltr">From Hong Kong,</div>
<div dir="ltr">Ian</div>
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