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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Thank you for the comments you left regarding my question on verbless construction/non-verbal predicates/ellipsis/any of the many other names it is called.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">The general viewpoint seems to be that it is in fact fairly common around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">It seems to me however that we must distinguish the case of
<b>zero copula </b>from other cases of verbless constructions, as some languages allow the two to different degrees.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">For example in Russian (1) is acceptable but (2) is not (correct me if I’m wrong):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0in" start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><i><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Ya student</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">1SG student<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">`I am a student.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0in" start="2" type="1">
<li class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><i><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">*Ya v dom</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p></o:p></span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">1SG to house.ACC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">`Intended meaning: I’m going to the house.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">So it seems necessary to me that
<b>zero copula </b>should be distinguished from <b>zero verb</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">But as Mark pointed out, a language that allos zero copula is also likely to allow zero verb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Also, as Siva mentioned, it’s interesting and remains the open question why the article must be elided for the sentence to be more natural (<i>Legs off the table</i> compared to
<i>your legs off the table</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">From Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Ian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0in"><b>From: </b><a href="mailto:paolo.ramat@unipv.it">paolo Ramat</a><br>
<b>Sent: </b>Sunday, September 27, 2020 4:49 PM<br>
<b>To: </b><a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com">Alex Francois</a><br>
<b>Cc: </b><a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk">JOO, Ian [Student]</a>; <a href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG">
LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">1) Ital.<i> Superman alla riscossa ! </i>(could be a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their news in these form).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">2) Ital. <i>Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i> (imperat.)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Actually, non verbal predication is known in many languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld,
<i>Non verbal predication.</i> De Gruyter. And look in Google at "non-verbal predication" for further literature.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Paolo<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> Università di Pavia (retired)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Istituto Universitario Studi Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Accademia dei Lincei, Socio corrispondente<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">'Academia Europaea'<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">'Societas Linguistica Europaea', Honorary Member<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">##39 0382 27027<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">347 044 98 44<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>> ha scritto:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">dear Ian,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">> </span><i><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP</span></i><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Interesting question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">In English, those constructions are particular: they are arguably elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative – rather than declarative…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Yet in many languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian) family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the predicate itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Thus <b>Mwotlap</b> (Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br>
</span><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> (square brackets = limits of the predicate phrase)
</span><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(1) <b>
Imam mino [</b></span><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">mi </span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">tēytēybē].</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New""> father my with doctor</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “My father is/was with the doctor.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(2) <b>
na-tan̄ nōnōm [</b></span><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">lelo</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000"> siok].</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New""> Art-bag your inside canoe</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “Your bag is in the canoe.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Likewise, <b>Araki
</b>(Oceanic; Santo, Vanuatu) says:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(3) <b>Sari nene [</b></span><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">m̈ar̄a
</span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">m̈aji]</span></b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">.</span><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New""> spear this for fish</span><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “This spear is for fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Teanu </span></b><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">(Oceanic ; Temotu, Solomons) would have:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">(4) <b>Datilu [</b></span><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:blue">pe </span></b><b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">Iura]</span></b><span style="font-family:"Courier New";color:#990000">.</span><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New""> 3dual from Vanuatu</span><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “They were from Vanuatu.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">These are all prepositional predicates, translated in English as
<i>BE</i> + prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Their syntax is typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf. Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike European
languages, where the predicative function in declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Those languages which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I
<u>was</u> with them"; happy > "she <u>is</u> happy"; rice > "this <u>is</u> rice"; home > "we
<u>were</u> home". <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">This operation (turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997); this is the
<i>raison d'être</i> of <i>être</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">In omnipredicative languages, words like
<i>with</i>, <i>happy, rice</i> and <i>home</i> would simply head the predicate, making the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a verb Be in the first place.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">NB: in languages where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the reverse order {<u>PP</u> NP}. Example in Tahitian:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New"">(5) <b><span style="color:#990000">[</span><span style="color:blue">Nō</span><span style="color:#990000"> tō'u fenua] teie mā'a.</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Courier New""> from my country this food</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> “This food is from my country.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Here again, the preposition (<i>nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Some references:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Launey</span></b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, Michel. 1994.
<i>Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>. Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Lemaréchal</span></b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, Alain. 1989.
<i>Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">—— 1997. <i>Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">François</span></b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">, Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques François
& Irmtraud Behr, <i>Les constituants prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>. Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1">
<span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">—— 2017. The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu: Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van Lier (ed.),
<i>Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic Languages</i>. Special issue of <i>Studies in Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</span><o:p></o:p></li></ul>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">__________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">I realise that these Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your English examples [<i>Your legs off the table!</i>], and yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">The contrast – whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth exploring.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">Alex</span><span style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><img border="0" width="36" height="1" style="width:.3697in;height:.0104in" id="Horizontal_x0020_Line_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D6967B.087BE750"></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p style="line-height:12.4pt"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666">Alex François<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height:12.4pt"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC">CNRS–</span></a><a href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC">ENS</span></a>–<a href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" target="_blank" title="ENS"><span style="color:#3366CC">Sorbonne
nouvelle</span></a><br>
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC">Australian National University</span></a><br>
<a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC">Academia page</span></a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" target="_blank"><span style="color:#3366CC">Personal homepage</span></a></span><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.4pt"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"><img border="0" width="348" height="1" style="width:3.625in;height:.0104in" id="Horizontal_x0020_Line_x0020_2" src="cid:image002.png@01D6967B.087BE750"></span><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.4pt"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at 23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<div id="gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I wonder if there has been any literature on the construction where there is no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">(1) Superman to the rescue!<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">(2) Your legs off the table!<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Of course, not only in English, but in any language. I would appreciate your help.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">From Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
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