<div dir="ltr"><div>Dear All,</div>In Atong (Tibeto-Burman, Northeast India and Bangladesh) nominal predicates are quite normal. In example (1), the noun India functions as the head of a noun phrase, which in turn functions as a predicate. The semantic role of the noun phrase is that of Location, which is indicated in Atong by the locative phrasal enclitic <<i>=chi</i>> (LOC). The noun phrase also carried the focus enclitic <<i>=an</i>> (FOC). THe phrase can be easily recognised as being a predicate because of the predicate enclitic <<i>=ok</i>> (COS), indicating a change of state. Note that nominal predicates do not always need to carry a predicate enclitic.<div><br></div><div><p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm 0cm 6pt 35.45pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref347244989"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-style:normal">(1)<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-stretch:normal;font-size:7pt;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB">te</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">•</span><span lang="EN-GB">ewdo Indiachianok</span><span lang="EN-GB"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-Examplemorphemes" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-style:italic"><span lang="EN-AU">te•ew =do </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-style:normal">{[</span><span lang="EN-AU">India</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-style:normal">]</span><span lang="EN-AU"> =chi =an</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-style:normal">}</span><span lang="EN-AU"> =ok</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-style:normal"></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">now =<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">top</span> India =<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">loc</span> =<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">foc =cos</span></span></p>
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">‘</span><span lang="EN-AU">Now, [they are] back in India.’</span></p><div><br></div><div>In example (2), the noun <i>song</i> 'village' is the head of a phrase that is used as a predicate of a modifying clause. This phrase carries four phrasal enclitics, viz. the locative <=<i>chi>, </i>the attributive <i><=gaba>,</i> the plural <<i>=darang</i>> and the topic <<i>=do</i>>.<div><br><div><div>(2)</div><div><table class="gmail-MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top" style="border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic"><a name="_Ref348432348">ning</a></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">song</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">=chi</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">=gaba</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">=darang</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">=do</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">nem</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">=t(h)ok</p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-ExampleSentence" style="margin:0cm;text-indent:0cm;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-style:italic">=aidonga</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" style="border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">1pl/excl</span><span lang="EN-AU"></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">village</span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">loc</span></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">=attr</span><span lang="EN-AU"></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">p</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">l</span><span lang="EN-AU"></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">top</span></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">good</span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">everyone</span></span></p>
</td>
<td valign="top" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt">
<p class="gmail-MsoNormalIndent" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">=prog</span><span lang="EN-AU"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>'We who [are] in the village are all doing well.'</div><div><br></div><div>As can be seen in the table below, nominal predicates can be of different semantic roles,such as Direction (nr 3), Source (nr 4), Possessor (nr 5) or Beneficiary (nr 6). MOB=mobilitative (marking a Direction here), GEN=genitive (marking a Possessor here), GOAL=the goal enclitic (marking a Beneficiary here)</div><div><br></div><div><table class="gmail-MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="529" style="margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none">
<tbody><tr style="height:5.85pt">
<td width="28" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:21.3pt;border:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:5.85pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">2</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="180" valign="top" style="width:134.65pt;border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:5.85pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">so</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">ng=</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">sa</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">ng=</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">gaba</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="217" valign="top" style="width:163pt;border-top:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:5.85pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">village=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">mob=relational</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.25pt">
<td width="397" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:297.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:14.25pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 6pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">‘those who go to the village’</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:13.35pt">
<td width="28" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:21.3pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:13.35pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">4</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="180" valign="top" style="width:134.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:13.35pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">ha</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">•</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">b</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">y</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">ri=sa</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">ng=</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">m</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">yng=</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">gaba</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="217" valign="top" style="width:163pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:13.35pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">hills=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">mob=gen=relational</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:17.65pt">
<td width="397" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:297.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:17.65pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 6pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">‘those who come back from the hills’</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:10.3pt">
<td width="28" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:21.3pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:10.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">5</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="180" valign="top" style="width:134.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:10.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">nono=m</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">yng</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">=gaba</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="217" valign="top" style="width:163pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:10.3pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="break-after:avoid;margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">younger.sister=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">gen=relational</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:11.15pt">
<td width="397" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:297.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:11.15pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 6pt;break-after:avoid;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">‘things that belong to my younger sister’</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:17pt">
<td width="28" rowspan="2" valign="top" style="width:21.3pt;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-left:1pt solid windowtext;border-top:none;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:17pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">6</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="180" valign="top" style="width:134.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:17pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">nono=na=gaba</span></i></p>
</td>
<td width="217" valign="top" style="width:163pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:17pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size:11pt">yonger.sister=<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;font-variant-caps:small-caps">goal=relational</span></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:10.55pt">
<td width="397" colspan="2" valign="top" style="width:297.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:1pt solid windowtext;border-right:1pt solid windowtext;padding:0cm 5.4pt;height:10.55pt">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span lang="EN-AU">‘things for my younger
sister’</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div><div> </div><div>Kind regards,</div><div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">__________________</div><div dir="ltr">Dr. Seino van Breugel</div><div>Assistant Professor</div><div>United International College, Zhuhai, China</div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeinovanBreugel" target="_blank">https://independent.academia.edu/SeinovanBreugel</a><br></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHfiZwqyWC7HfZUAQ1RH1ew" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHfiZwqyWC7HfZUAQ1RH1ew</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Oct 4, 2020 at 1:12 AM Raffaele Simone <<a href="mailto:rsimone@os.uniroma3.it">rsimone@os.uniroma3.it</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<p>In Latin this is a quite standard procedure: Triste [est] lupus
stabulis, maturis frugibus [sunt] imbres (Vergil, Bucol. III 80)</p>
<p>Best,</p>
<p>Raffaele<br>
</p>
<div>Il 27/09/2020 10:49, paolo Ramat ha
scritto:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div dir="ltr">1) Ital.<i> Superman alla riscossa ! </i>(could be
a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce their
news in these form).
<div>2) Ital. <i>Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i> (imperat.)</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Actually, non verbal predication is known in many
languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld, <i>Non verbal
predication.</i> De Gruyter. And look in Google at
"non-verbal predication" for further literature.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>Best,</div>
<div>Paolo</div>
<div><br clear="all">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat
<div>
<div> Università di Pavia (retired)</div>
<div>Istituto Universitario Studi
Superiori (IUSS Pavia) (retired)</div>
<div>Accademia dei Lincei, Socio
corrispondente<br>
<div>'Academia Europaea'</div>
<div>'Societas Linguistica Europaea',
Honorary Member</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>piazzetta Arduino 11 - I 27100 Pavia</div>
<div>##39 0382 27027</div>
<div>347 044 98 44</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle
ore 07:24 Alex Francois <<a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com" target="_blank">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>>
ha scritto:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">dear Ian,</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">> <span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><i>I
wonder if there has been any literature on the
construction where there is no verb, but only an NP
and a PP</i></span></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Interesting
question.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In English, those
constructions are particular: they are arguably
elliptical in some way, exclamative – or hortative –
rather than declarative…</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Yet in many
languages, including from the Oceanic (Austronesian)
family, a construction {NP + PP} is simply the normal
syntax for a declarative statement, where the PP is the
predicate itself.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Thus <b>Mwotlap</b>
(Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have this: <br>
<font size="1"> (square brackets = limits of the predicate
phrase)
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(1) </font><b><font color="#990000">Imam
mino [</font><font color="#0000ff">mi </font><font color="#990000">tēytēybē].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
father my with doctor</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “My father
is/was with the doctor.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font color="#990000"><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(2) </font><b><font color="#990000">na-tan̄
nōnōm [</font><font color="#0000ff">lelo</font><font color="#990000"> siok].</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
Art-bag your inside canoe</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “Your bag is
in the canoe.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">Likewise, <b>Araki </b>(Oceanic;
Santo, Vanuatu) says:</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(3) </font><b><font color="#990000">Sari nene [</font><font color="#0000ff">m̈ar̄a </font><font color="#990000">m̈aji]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
spear this for fish</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “This spear is for
fish.” (i.e. it's designed for fishing)</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<div class="gmail_default"><b>Teanu </b>(Oceanic ;
Temotu, Solomons) would have:</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"><font color="#990000">(4) </font><b><font color="#990000">Datilu [</font><font color="#0000ff">pe </font><font color="#990000">Iura]</font></b><font color="#990000">.</font><br>
</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">
3dual from Vanuatu</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"> “They were from
Vanuatu.”</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">These are all
prepositional predicates, translated in English as <i>BE</i> +
prep. (is with, is in, is for, were from…)</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Their syntax is
typical of languages of the "omnipredicative" type (cf.
Launey 1994 about Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate
slot can be headed by various lexical classes — unlike
European languages, where the predicative function in
declarative statements is basically restricted to verbs. </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Those languages
which, like European languages, restrict predicativity to
the class of verbs, need a copula (like a verb BE) to turn
non-predicative phrases into a predicate: with > "I <u>was</u>
with them"; happy > "she <u>is</u> happy"; rice
> "this <u>is</u> rice"; home > "we <u>were</u>
home". </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">This operation
(turning a non-pred phrase into a predicate) is arguably
the main function of copulas (cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997);
this is the <i>raison d'être</i> of <i>être</i>.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">In omnipredicative
languages, words like <i>with</i>, <i>happy, rice</i>
and <i>home</i> would simply head the predicate, making
the whole copula operation superfluous. This is why a
typical property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a
verb Be in the first place.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">NB: in languages
where the predicate is clause-initial, you will have the
reverse order {<u>PP</u> NP}. Example in Tahitian:</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace">(5) <b><font color="#990000">[</font><font color="#0000ff">Nō</font><font color="#990000"> tō'u fenua] teie mā'a.</font></b></font></div>
<div class="gmail_default"><font face="monospace"> from
my country this food</font></div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"> “This food
is from my country.”</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Here again, the
preposition (<i>nō</i>) is the head of the predicate.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">Some references:</div>
<div class="gmail_default">
<ul>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>Launey</b>,
Michel. 1994. <i>Une grammaire omniprédicative:
Essai sur la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>.
Sciences du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>Lemaréchal</b>,
Alain. 1989. <i>Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et
sémantique</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris:
Presses Universitaires de France.<br>
</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif">
—— 1997. <i>Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle.
Paris: Presses universitaires de France.<br>
</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif"><b>François</b>,
Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non verbaux
dans quelques langues océaniennes. In Jacques
François & Irmtraud Behr, <i>Les constituants
prédicatifs et la diversité des langues</i>.
Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris.
Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</font></li>
<li><font size="1" face="verdana, sans-serif">—— 2017.
The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu:
Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva van
Lier (ed.), <i>Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic
Languages</i>. Special issue of <i>Studies in
Language</i>. 41 (2): 294–357.</font></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">
<div class="gmail_default">__________</div>
<div class="gmail_default"><br>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">I realise that these
Oceanic constructions look perfectly parallel to your
English examples [<i>Your legs off the table!</i>], and
yet the syntactic similarity is only superficial. </div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">The contrast –
whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic – is worth
exploring.</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><br>
</div>
<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:tahoma,sans-serif">best</div>
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-family:tahoma,sans-serif"><font size="2">Alex</font></div>
<div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif;font-size:small;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" width="70" size="1" noshade align="left">
<div>
<p style="font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif">Alex
François</p>
<p style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-decoration:none;font-family:verdana,geneva,sans-serif"><a href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" rel="noopener" style="text-decoration:none" target="_blank">LaTTiCe</a> — <a title="ENS" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">CNRS–</a><a title="ENS" href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">ENS</a>–<a title="ENS" href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Sorbonne
nouvelle</a><br>
<a href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Australian
National University</a><br>
<a href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Academia
page</a> – <a href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/" rel="noopener" style="color:rgb(51,102,204);text-decoration:none" target="_blank">Personal
homepage</a></span></p>
<hr style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:tahoma,sans-serif" size="1"> </div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br>
</div>
<br>
<div class="gmail_quote">
<div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at
23:07, JOO, Ian [Student] <<a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk" target="_blank">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr"><span style="font-size:inherit">Dear
all,</span><br>
</div>
</div>
<div id="gmail-m_-3792621919341527896gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946">
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">I wonder if there has been any
literature on the construction where there is
no verb, but only an NP and a PP, such as:</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">(1) Superman to the rescue!</div>
<div dir="ltr">(2) Your legs off the table!</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">Of course, not only in English,
but in any language. I would appreciate your
help.</div>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
</div>
<div dir="ltr">From Hong Kong,</div>
<div dir="ltr">Ian</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<img alt="">
<p><br>
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<pre cols="72">--
===============
Emeritus Professor, Università Roma Tre
Hon C Lund University
Membre de l'Académie Royale de Belgique
Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres de France
Accademico della Crusca
===============
Attività e pubblicazioni // Activity and publications <a href="http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone" target="_blank">http://uniroma3.academia.edu/RaffaeleSimone</a></pre>
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