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The term "copula" may originally have been restricted to linking
elements in nominal-predicate clauses (or adjective-predicate
clauses), but for quite a while, it has been used for markers of
locative predicates as well. <br>
<br>
For example, this APiCS chapter (by Susanne Maria Michaelis) shows
creole and pidgin languages which have two different copulas for
nominal predicates and locative predicates:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://apics-online.info/parameters/76.chapter.html">https://apics-online.info/parameters/76.chapter.html</a>. A well-known
example is Jamaican, which has a locative copula "de" and a nominal
copula "a".<br>
<br>
Incidentally, I don't think we should use the term "zero copula" in
typology, because a copula is a kind of predication marker, and a
marker cannot be zero (otherwise we cannot define a marker as a kind
of form: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1826">https://dlc.hypotheses.org/1826</a>)<br>
<br>
[Whether a copula is a kind of verb is a separate question; in many
languages, we would say that it is, but this is a
language-particular consideration, not a typological consideration.|<br>
<br>
Martin<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">Am 29.09.20 um 10:10 schrieb JOO, Ian
[Student]:<br>
</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Dear
all,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Thank
you for the comments you left regarding my question on
verbless construction/non-verbal predicates/ellipsis/any of
the many other names it is called.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">The
general viewpoint seems to be that it is in fact fairly
common around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">It
seems to me however that we must distinguish the case of
<b>zero copula </b>from other cases of verbless
constructions, as some languages allow the two to different
degrees.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">For
example in Russian (1) is acceptable but (2) is not (correct
me if I’m wrong):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0in" type="1" start="1">
<li class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><i><span
style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Ya student</span></i><span
style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span
style="mso-fareast-language:KO">1SG student<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span
style="mso-fareast-language:KO">`I am a student.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ol style="margin-top:0in" type="1" start="2">
<li class="MsoListParagraph"
style="margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2"><i><span
style="mso-fareast-language:KO">*Ya v
dom</span></i><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span
style="mso-fareast-language:KO">1SG to
house.ACC<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span
style="mso-fareast-language:KO">`Intended meaning: I’m going
to the house.’<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">So it
seems necessary to me that
<b>zero copula </b>should be distinguished from <b>zero
verb</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">But
as Mark pointed out, a language that allos zero copula is
also likely to allow zero verb.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Also,
as Siva mentioned, it’s interesting and remains the open
question why the article must be elided for the sentence to
be more natural (<i>Legs off the table</i> compared to
<i>your legs off the table</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">From
Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:KO">Ian<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div
style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-top:solid
#E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border:none;padding:0in"><b>From:
</b><a href="mailto:paolo.ramat@unipv.it"
moz-do-not-send="true">paolo Ramat</a><br>
<b>Sent: </b>Sunday, September 27, 2020 4:49 PM<br>
<b>To: </b><a href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">Alex Francois</a><br>
<b>Cc: </b><a href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk"
moz-do-not-send="true">JOO, Ian [Student]</a>; <a
href="mailto:LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG"
moz-do-not-send="true">
LINGTYP@LISTSERV.LINGUISTLIST.ORG</a><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Lingtyp] NP + PP construction</p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">1) Ital.<i> Superman alla riscossa ! </i>(could
be a head title in a newspaper. Very often journals announce
their news in these form).<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">2) Ital. <i>Giù le gambe dal tavolo !</i>
(imperat.)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Actually, non verbal predication is
known in many languages: see above all Kees Hengeveld,
<i>Non verbal predication.</i> De Gruyter. And look in
Google at "non-verbal predication" for further literature.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Paolo<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br clear="all">
<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">prof. dr. Paolo Ramat<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Università di
Pavia (retired)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Istituto
Universitario Studi Superiori (IUSS
Pavia) (retired)<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Accademia dei
Lincei, Socio corrispondente<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">'Academia
Europaea'<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">'Societas
Linguistica Europaea', Honorary
Member<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">piazzetta Arduino
11 - I 27100 Pavia<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">##39 0382 27027<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">347 044 98 44<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Il giorno dom 27 set 2020 alle ore
07:24 Alex Francois <<a
href="mailto:alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">alex.francois.cnrs@gmail.com</a>>
ha scritto:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC
1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in
6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">dear
Ian,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">> </span><i><span
style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">I
wonder if there has been any literature on the
construction where there is no verb, but only an
NP and a PP</span></i><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Interesting
question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">In
English, those constructions are particular: they
are arguably elliptical in some way, exclamative –
or hortative – rather than declarative…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Yet
in many languages, including from the Oceanic
(Austronesian) family, a construction {NP + PP} is
simply the normal syntax for a declarative
statement, where the PP is the predicate itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Thus
<b>Mwotlap</b> (Oceanic; Banks, Vanuatu) would have
this: <br>
</span><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> (square
brackets = limits of the predicate phrase)
</span><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">(1) <b>
Imam mino [</b></span><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:blue">mi </span></b><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">tēytēybē].</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier New"">
father my with doctor</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
“My father is/was with the doctor.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">(2) <b>
na-tan̄ nōnōm [</b></span><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:blue">lelo</span></b><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000"> siok].</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier New"">
Art-bag your inside canoe</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
“Your bag is in the canoe.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Likewise,
<b>Araki
</b>(Oceanic; Santo, Vanuatu) says:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">(3) <b>Sari nene [</b></span><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:blue">m̈ar̄a
</span></b><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">m̈aji]</span></b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">.</span><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier New"">
spear this for fish</span><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
“This spear is for fish.” (i.e. it's
designed for fishing)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Teanu </span></b><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">(Oceanic ; Temotu,
Solomons) would have:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">(4) <b>Datilu [</b></span><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:blue">pe </span></b><b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">Iura]</span></b><span
style="font-family:"Courier
New";color:#990000">.</span><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier New"">
3dual from Vanuatu</span><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
“They were from Vanuatu.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">These
are all prepositional predicates, translated in
English as
<i>BE</i> + prep. (is with, is in, is for, were
from…)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Their
syntax is typical of languages of the
"omnipredicative" type (cf. Launey 1994 about
Nāhuatl), languages where the predicate slot can be
headed by various lexical classes — unlike
European languages, where the predicative function
in declarative statements is basically restricted to
verbs. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Those
languages which, like European languages, restrict
predicativity to the class of verbs, need a copula
(like a verb BE) to turn non-predicative phrases
into a predicate: with > "I
<u>was</u> with them"; happy > "she <u>is</u>
happy"; rice > "this <u>is</u> rice"; home
> "we
<u>were</u> home". <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">This
operation (turning a non-pred phrase into a
predicate) is arguably the main function of copulas
(cf. Lemaréchal 1989, 1997); this is the
<i>raison d'être</i> of <i>être</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">In
omnipredicative languages, words like
<i>with</i>, <i>happy, rice</i> and <i>home</i> would
simply head the predicate, making the whole copula
operation superfluous. This is why a typical
property of omnipredicative languages is to lack a
verb Be in the first place.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">NB:
in languages where the predicate is clause-initial,
you will have the reverse order {<u>PP</u> NP}.
Example in Tahitian:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier New"">(5) <b><span
style="color:#990000">[</span><span
style="color:blue">Nō</span><span
style="color:#990000"> tō'u fenua] teie
mā'a.</span></b></span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Courier New"">
from my country this food</span><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">
“This food is from my country.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Here
again, the preposition (<i>nō</i>) is the head of
the predicate.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">Some
references:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1">
<b><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Launey</span></b><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">,
Michel. 1994.
<i>Une grammaire omniprédicative: Essai sur la
morphosyntaxe du nahuatl classique</i>. Sciences
du Langage, Paris: CNRS.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1">
<b><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Lemaréchal</span></b><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">,
Alain. 1989.
<i>Les parties du discours, Syntaxe et sémantique</i>.
Linguistique Nouvelle. Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1">
<span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">——
1997. <i>Zéro(s)</i>. Linguistique Nouvelle.
Paris: Presses universitaires de France.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1">
<b><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">François</span></b><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">,
Alexandre. 2005. Diversité des prédicats non
verbaux dans quelques langues océaniennes. In
Jacques François & Irmtraud Behr, <i>Les
constituants prédicatifs et la diversité des
langues</i>. Mémoires de la Société de
Linguistique de Paris. Louvain: Peeters. 179-197.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0
level1 lfo1">
<span
style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">——
2017. The economy of word classes in Hiw, Vanuatu:
Grammatically flexible, lexically rigid. In Eva
van Lier (ed.),
<i>Lexical Flexibility in Oceanic Languages</i>.
Special issue of <i>Studies in Language</i>. 41
(2): 294–357.</span><o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">__________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">I
realise that these Oceanic constructions look
perfectly parallel to your English examples [<i>Your
legs off the table!</i>], and yet the syntactic
similarity is only superficial. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">The
contrast – whether syntactic, semantic or pragmatic
– is worth exploring.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">best<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black">Alex</span><span
style="font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><img
style="width:.3697in;height:.0104in" id="Horizontal_x0020_Line_x0020_1"
src="cid:part6.66D33EFE.5E65E07A@shh.mpg.de" class="" width="36"
height="1" border="0"></span><span
style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p
style="line-height:12.4pt"><span
style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666">Alex
François<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p
style="line-height:12.4pt"><span
style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif;color:#336666"><a
href="http://www.lattice.cnrs.fr/en/alexandre-francois/" target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true">LaTTiCe</a> — <a
href="http://www.cnrs.fr/index.html" target="_blank" title="ENS"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#3366CC">CNRS–</span></a><a
href="https://www.ens.fr/laboratoire/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-et-cognition-umr-8094"
target="_blank"
title="ENS"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#3366CC">ENS</span></a>–<a
href="http://www.univ-paris3.fr/lattice-langues-textes-traitements-informatiques-cognition-umr-8094-3458.kjsp"
target="_blank"
title="ENS"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#3366CC">Sorbonne nouvelle</span></a><br>
<a
href="https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/francois-a"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#3366CC">Australian National University</span></a><br>
<a
href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#3366CC">Academia page</span></a> – <a
href="http://alex.francois.online.fr/"
target="_blank"
moz-do-not-send="true"><span
style="color:#3366CC">Personal homepage</span></a></span><span
style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height:12.4pt"><span
style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"><img
style="width:3.625in;height:.0104in" id="Horizontal_x0020_Line_x0020_2"
src="cid:part14.2C8AF192.38994012@shh.mpg.de" class="" width="348"
height="1" border="0"></span><span
style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="line-height:12.4pt"><span
style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Segoe
UI",sans-serif;color:#336666"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Fri, 25 Sep 2020 at 23:07, JOO,
Ian [Student] <<a
href="mailto:ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk"
target="_blank" moz-do-not-send="true">ian.joo@connect.polyu.hk</a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC
1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in
6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dear all,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
<div
id="gmail-m_-7184071341723467694gmail-m_-3843428444346139481id-ca17c194-f324-419e-a95f-82464bef9946">
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I wonder if there has
been any literature on the construction
where there is no verb, but only an NP and
a PP, such as:<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">(1) Superman to the
rescue!<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">(2) Your legs off the
table!<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Of course, not only in
English, but in any language. I would
appreciate your help.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">From Hong Kong,<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ian<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Martin Haspelmath (<a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:haspelmath@shh.mpg.de">haspelmath@shh.mpg.de</a>)
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Deutscher Platz 6
D-04103 Leipzig
&
Leipzig University
Institut fuer Anglistik
IPF 141199
D-04081 Leipzig</pre>
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